A trobul
East India Company haiin sumdawngna lampui hong dinga India rama an hung lut tran lai khan khăn thraa an hrietah damten umhmun an hung khuor a. Mughal lalram tluk siet mek lai chu remchanga lain, Calcuttah hmunpui khuorin, sawt naw te sungin Bengal le a se vel an hung hne a. China le an indawrna a hung tlak siet hnung khan thingpui bil siemna dingin India hmarsaka ram hmangpui an hung thriek tran a. Hmar-sak rama cheng tlangmihaiin an thingpui huon zu rûn a, rok a, an kuli sorhai salah man a, thangsuona dinga a thren lu an hawn hlak leiin, lo thei loa an inhmaton a hung ngai a. An ram lakna chin humhal ding le sie (tax) khonna dingin biel an siem a, tlangram thrutah phai chin huopin ramri an hung khang a, chuonga biel an thre chu Revenue District an ti chu a nih. Tlangram chin, tlangmi hnam hrang hrangin an hluo ramhai kha a tir chun anni enkolna hnuoia um ni lo, unadministered area ti a ni a. Hieng tlangmi hnam hrang hrang, hill tribes an tihai hi phairama cheng, hnam hmasawn lemhaiin an chimral el nawna dingin inhumhimna dan an duongpek a, chu huonga tlahai chu a hnunga ‘Schedule Tribes’ tia hriethai hi an nih.
Phairam ei ti hmun tam lem hi mi hausa le neinung mi tlawmte, zamindar an tihai hnuoia um a ni tlangpui a. Zamindari System hi kum 1950/51 lai khan Bengal-ah sukbo a ni a, State dang khomin an hung zui ve pei a nih. Zamindari system hi tlangmihai lai chu hmang a ni ngai naw leiin, hmang an lo tumna taphotah buoina a suok a. A suok hmasakna tak, rikawta ei hmu chu Garo Hills-a Rangpur District a nih. A ram neitua inngai Zamindar-in tlangmihai laia sie (leiman) a khon chu an pek nuom naw leiin kum 1815 khan buoina a suok a. Chu thu chu ching fel dingin Rangpura Magistrate David Scot chu an ruot a. August 1816 khan a ripawt a pek a, chu taka chun tlangmihai chu hnam hran, kalchar hran, inop dan hran nei an ni leiin phaimihai le jĕl kop loa inenkolna hran, Civil Commissioner, North-East Rangpur hnuoia sie thra lem dinga a ngai thu a ziek a. Governor-General-in-Council chun a thil rot chu thra tiin a pompui a.
Chuleiin, Bengal Regulation X of 1822 a hung suok khan, “With a view, therefore, to promote the desirable object of reclaiming these races to the habit of civilized life, it seemed necessary that a special plan for the administration of justice, of a kind adapted to their peculiar customs and prejudices, should be arranged and concerted with the headman, and that the measures should at the same time be taken by forcing them from any dependence on the Zamindars of the British provinces” (Hieng hnamhai hi nun changkang lema thruoi lutna dinga thil ditum chu an lalhai leh inthu kop a, an hnam dan le ser le sang danglam le inmil zawnga invong dan bik duongpek a ngai a; Kumpinu rampera zamindar-hai kuta an nuom thu le nuom naw thu hril thei loa an tluk lut ding laka ei hum tlat a ngai) tiin an lo ziek hiel a nih.
Hi thuthlung hi kengkaw peiin Garo Hills Act, 1869 chu a hung suok a, Bengal hnuoia inenkolna dan tlangpui an hmang chu Garo Hills-ah hmang ve lo ding le tlangmihai chu an hnam dan le an ser le sang humhal a, invong dan hran siempek an hung ni a. Hi invong dan thar hnuoia thuneina insang tak chu Lieutenant Governor kutah sie a ni a, ama chun trul a ti angin Jaintia Hills, Khasi Hills le Naga Hills-a khom hi invong dan hi hmang ve dinga puong theina thuneina a nei. Chu dungzui chun, Assam ram inopna chu Bengal-a inthoka thre thlain, Assam po chu biel pakhat ‘Chief Commissionership of Assam’ hnuoiah an hung sie a. February, 1874-a Assam an hung thre thlak phing leh kha hmaa British India rorelna hnuoia la lut ngai lo tlangram hmun hrang hrang, phairama invongna dan General Acts & Regulations hnuoia la khawsa ngai lohai kha thlier hrangna dingin, Scheduled Districts Act, 1874 an hung siem a, chu dungzui chun Garo Hills, North Lushai Hills, Mokokchung Sub-division of Naga District, South Lushai Hills le Chittagong Hill Tracts sunga tlangram po chu ‘Scheduled District’ ti an hung ni tah a nih.
Chuonga fe peiin, Assam Frontier Tracts Regulation 1880 dam, Montague-Chelmsford Report of 1918 dam le Government of India Act 1919 le 1935 dam a hung suok a. Section 52A, Government of India Act 1919 chun hieng a hnuoia tlangramhai hi “backward tracts” tiin a hung puong a nih: Garo Hills District, Khasi & Jaintia Hills District (Shillong Municiplaity le Contonment thrang loin), Mikir Hills (in Nowgong & Sibsagar Districts), North Cachar Hills (in Cachar District), Naga Hills District, Lushai Hills District, Sadiya Frontier Tract, Balipara Frontier Tract le Lakhimpur Frontier Tract. Ram pilril, lampui mumal um lona, ramsa khawsaka Scheduled Areas sunga tlangmi chenghai humhalna ding hin a nih India Danpui hnuoia Sixth Schedule a hung pieng chuh. Sixth Schedule hnuoia District umhai chu ‘Autonomous District/ Region’ an tih. Hi huol himna huong (scheduled area) a hnam hnufuolhai an khum leia Scheduled Tribe/Caste ti trongkam khom hi a hung suok ni ring a um. A umzie ei inkawktir ang hin ram dangin an hmang ve ka la hriet ngai nawh. A hung inlangna hmasa tak chu Indian Constitution Article 366 (24/25) a nih.
Kum 1950-a India Constitution ei hung hmang tran khan Manipur le Tripura ti lo hmar-sak ram po po chu Assam State hnuoia um le tlangmihai chengna hmun po po deuthaw chu Sixth Schedule huop sunga um a nih. Kum 1971-a States/UT thar a hung pieng khan Meghalaya chun Sixth Schedule hnuoiah a State sunga Autonomous District Council (ADC) pathum chu a khum vong a. Mizoram ruok chun Chakma, Mara le Lai ADC chauh a hum a. Kum 1963-a State hmu tah Nagaland ruok chun hisapna dangdai tak hmangin Sixth Schedule hnuoia inhumhalna a hnawl ve thung a. Kha hmaa NEFA ti ni hlak, Arunachal Pradesh chun
insukvai tringtrang deuin Panchayati Raj a lak lut a. Tripura chu Manipur ang boka kha hmaa Rengram (princely state), Category-C hnuoia sie ni sien khom a ram sunga tlangmihaiin Sixth Schedule hnuoia hamthratna le inhumhimna an dong a phal a. Manipur ruok chun a lem chauha a puopa an dong a phalpek a, ‘tlangmihai’ chu an nina anga ko nuom loin ‘tlangram’ ti ngotin a ko thung. Chu thu chu ei la hril pei ding a nih.
Manipur le Sixth Schedule
India rama cheng ‘Scheduled Tribe’ ei tihai, India Constitution Article 266 (25) hnuoia hrilfiena a pekhai hi an kawl le kienga hnam hmasawn lem le changkang lem haiin an nuom a ninga neksawr a, hlem a, an chengna ram le an thil neihai lakpek a, an chim ral nawna dinga inhumhimna dan siempek khah British Raj khan a lo ngai poimaw khop el ti chu ei thu hmaa an thilthaw dan tawite ei tar langa inthok khan a chieng a. Tribal tia an mi hriethai, abikin India hmar-sak tlangram hluotu hnam hrang hrang hai hi India ramin zalenna a hung hmu khan an inhumhimna dingin India Danpui-a Fifth Schedule le Sixth Schedule hi a hran lieuin a duong a. Sixth Schedule hnuoia Autonomous District Council (ADC) hnuoia lo khawsa District tam lem chu State puitlinga hlang kai an ni tak thu le a threnin State an ni hnungin Sixth Schedule an hnawl a, a thren ruok chun an State sunga rambung amanih biel threnkhatah an la som zui pei thu khom a hma khan ei hril ta bok a. Manipur makna ruok chun Fifth Schedule amanih Sixth Schedule amanih a iengkhom a hmang ve naw hi a nih.
Kum 1890/91 laia British Raj-in Manipur le Zo hnathlakhai cheng rawnna Lushai Hills (Mizoram) le Chin Hills a hung lak khan Manipur chu ramperah sie loin Rengram (princely state) a nina angin, a thla zar hnuoia ram humhalh (protected state) laia pakhatah a sie a, an Reng, kum tling lo (minor) Raja Churachand Singh aiawin rorelna a kengkaw a. A hung puitling hnunga lalna a hung chel khom khan Phaipui Biel sung măng mângah thu a nei a, tlangrama cheng tlangmihai inopna le inenkolna chu khaw tina lalhai hmangin British Raj palai Political Agent kutah a um thung a. Kum 1913-a Manipur State Durbar President (PMSD) dinga British ofisar ICS val an hung sie hnung lem khan chuh a nuom dan ang anga tlangram enkol sin chu thaw dinga Manipur Rengin a pek suok leiin, Reng le tlangmihai suizomtu chu PMSD a nih.
India ramin zalenna kum 1947-a hmu hnung kum hninaah Manipur chu Indian Union-ah 1949 khan sung lut a ni a. Pawlitiks tieng Manipur phaimihai le tlangmihai mit a hung keu tran khan ram inopna dingin Manipur State Constitution Act 1947 a hung suok a. Chu le inzom chun tlangmihai inenkolna dan ding Manipur Hill People’s Regulation-1947 a hung suok bok a. Hi dan hi thra tawpa an hril thang ni sien khom hmang tlak tak tak a ni naw lei le India Danpui hnuoia inhumhimna ruongam a zui naw leiin thriek le siem thrat pei a hung ngai a, a san tak chu a bul infuk lo, a bila tho lo a ni lei a nih.
Manipur chu Union Territory ngirhmuna hlang kai a ni khan Union Territory Council Act, 1956 a hung suok a. Council member 30 le ruot 2 an um bakah tlangmihai ngirhmun humhalna dingin Chairman a hrana nei Hill Standing Committee (HSC) an siem a. A thuphung chun a thra a, a tak ruok chun a thok naw a, thok thei dinga an duong khom a ni nawh. North Eastern State Re-organisation Act, 1971 a hung suok a, Manipur-in State puitling a hung hmu khan tlangmihai ngirhmun humhalna dingin Article 371-C (Special Provision with respect to the State of Manipur) chu India Danpui-ah an hung zep a, chu dungzui chun Hill Areas Committee (HAC) an hung siem a. Dr. V.V.Giri, Indian President chun 1972 khan Manipur Legislative Assembly (Hill Areas Committee) Order, 1972 a hung puong a. A thuphung ringot chun a muongum khop el. Phaimihai suosamna laka inthoka tlangmihai ngirhmun humtu dinga an mi dandehai khom Sailo lungphun anga nghet an intlar khup el: HAC Chairman, State Governor le Indian President. An hming hang sam ringot khoma ramhuoi tlan se dur dur awm a nih.
Sienkhom ei hang bi chieng deu a, ui kol le kawlhrawng, sienkhom tin le ha nei lo (toothless bulldog) intlartir khom a hoina chin a um. Thil chinchang sui mi, dawnril le mi thiem insang threnkhatin tlangmihai inhumhimna kulpuia ngai Hill Areas Committee (HAC) an hmu dan chu suong a um naw khop el. Chuonghai laia mi thiem filor, January 5, 2017-a muol liem tah, Prof (Dr) Gangmumei Kamei thu thluoina hi hang zep vak ei tih:
“The analysis of the power and function of the Hill Areas Committee shows that the HAC is a powerful instrument to safeguard the tribal interests and promote good governance and developmental process in the Hill Areas. However, it is necessary to examine how far the HAC has been able to protect the tribal interests.
4. Conclusion
- It is said but true that the HAC has been sabotaged by the Legislative Assembly controlled by ruling parties and the executive departments. It has become a white elephant of the legislature of Manipur.
- The leaders who are supposed to be key players in the HAC are more obsessed with their identity political aspiration and competition to get benefits of the office of the Chief Minister and other Ministers keep their eyes shut on the problems to be discussed in the Committee. They have not succeeded in evolving common ground or consensus on common tribal issues like district autonomy, reservation for Scheduled Tribes in recruitment to Government services and problems of land laws in hill areas.
- The post of the Chairman of the Hill Areas Committee which is the main pivot of the Committee has become a mere tool in the hands of the ruling party without caring for the common tribal interest.
- The Government represented by the Ministers and bureaucrats dealing with different departments have totally ignored the Hill Areas Committee. There is great need for change of the mindset of the legislators of both the valley and the hills towards this important constitutional safeguard provided at the time of granting of statehood. With a positive attitude towards the Article 371 (C) and subjects provided in the Scheduled of the President's Order, 1972 several effective measures can be taken up.
- Governor of the state is duty bound under the Constitution to monitor the working of Hill Areas Committee and the administration of the hill/tribal areas
- Most importantly, the leaders of the hill people and the tribal intellectuals including the members of the media are to compel the members of the Hills Areas Committee to do their job as provided by this important constitutional safeguard.”
Extract of paper entitled Hill Area Committee (HAC) of Manipur Legislative Assembly: An Assessment. Source: Hueiyen Lanpao (English). This article was posted ate-pao.neton December 17, 2012.
A tawi zawngin, Hill Areas Committee hi tlangmihai inhumhimna ding le hmasawnna dinga hmangruo thilthawthei tak ni sien khom Legislative Assembly-a lalna cheltuhai le Minister haiin sieli khaw mawi chaua an hmang, thok thei lo dinga an siem, tu khoma an pal zut a nih. An chairman-haiin tlangmihai sukhmasawnna hmangruoa hmang nekin insuklarna le Chief Minister le Minister danghai tlonnaa an hmang a ni leiin, thu poimaw hril tlang ding a um chang khomin naw tieng an nghatsan hlak. Tribal-hai chungthua sukfel ding tam tak, entirnan District thuneina (autonomy) chin ding dam, tribal reservation chungthu dam, ram inchawk le zor thua dam le thil dang dangah khuongruol taka fe dan ding an la duong suok nawh. HAC Chairman chu sorkar neituin a nuom nuoma a kei let a nih. Minister tin le sorkar thoktuhaiin HAC hi an bengkhon bok nawh. Phaimi le tlangmi, dan siemtu le kengkawtuhai hin Article 371-C poimawzie hi hre fie dinga an lungril thlek dan an thlak nuom a um. Governor khomin Hill Area Committee sinthaw dan a sui zui hi Danpuiin a phût a nih.
Tlangkawmna
Inchuom pher phuora ram tin ei zuk hrila inthoka chieng chu, Manipur State-a thuneina fong cheltuhai hin tlangmihai hi India hmar-saka cheng tlangmi danghai chang ang inhumhalna dan pek an remti naw a, hmang dukdak thei lo, a puopa ruok chu a lema inortir an poiti nawh. An dan siema trongkam an hmang nuom zawng enin, kha hmaa ‘hill tribes/people’ an lo hmang khom kha hmang zom nuom ta loin ‘hill areas’ an ti tah lem. Chu chun vervekna le dawha inril tak, rûl tûr neka trium lem a pai a lo ni khomin, thilmaka ngai ding a ni nawh. Kum 1971-a Manipur (Hill Areas) District Councils Act-a “autonomous districts” 6 siem thu an hril vung rak kha, kum 46 hnunga khom sukfel thei mumal loa la um a nih. Chu khom chu la sukfel thei loa District thar pasari zet an siem bel el kha khawvela Manipur hluotuhai mak danglamna a nih. An hum nuom chu tlangmihai (hill people) ni loin tlangram (hill areas) a nih. Mihriem a ni nawh; hnuoi a nih.
Ei ngirhmun ei en veng veng a, ei hmu phak china inhumhimna thra Hill Areas Committee khom umzie neia hmang thei lo ei ni chun, District za chuong khom nei inla, iem a trangkaina a um? Kum 2015-a inthoka muolphona runpui ei tuok chu tlangmihai rawn loa ei ngirhmun tawk poi thei thil an thaw lei a nih. Chu inhumhimna kulpui vengtu dinga hotu lu taka an sie chu tu am a na? Ieng leia mani huon veng thra loa mi a nuom nuom luta an pal zut ei phal? Iengin am ei mit hi a sukdel zo ning a ta? Sixth Schedule hnuoia inhumhimna peka ei um hmaa India sorkarin ei inhumhimna dinga a duong chu Article 371-C hnuoia HAC a sie hi a nih. Chu vengtu nina sin dandea uma thaw si lotu chun tlangmi po po a mi zor ang a nih. Pulpit tlanga ei khekpui rop Rorelna Ni hi a um tak tak a, ei Pathien ring nia ei hril rop hi Pathien tak a ni chun, ei hmasuon ding hi namen naw nih. Kum nga dana ei vok bupeka a mal tin khom hre fai vongtu a ni si a.
(February 4, 2017, Delhi)
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2 comments :
Tiem a manhla ie, ka bengvar pha sawt. Dam vawng vawng rawh Pu Muong
Tha dep dep khawpel
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