- Joseph Joubert (1754-1824)
Lesson Parietnaa khan Hmar Trong rurel hriet a poimawzie le thu mal ziek kop le kop naw thuah Golden Rule 1 & 2 zui a trulzie ei hril a. Chu Golden Rule No. 1 chu zuiin, kha hmaa thu mal lamnon, entirnan, po po, bèk bêk, èm êm le a dang dang ka lo ziek kop hlak kha tu hin chu ka ziek kop ta nawh. A san chu hieng thu mal hrang hrang ei lamnonhai hi nina hrang hrang nei an ni lei a nih. Chu indanglamna chu ei trong rurel le fe dan ei sui chieng pha leh ei hmu chieng thei chauh a nih. Chuonghai chu a tawi thei ang takin a hnuoia hin ei tar lang ding a nih.
Demonstrative Pronoun
Hieng a hnuoia thu mal lamnonhai hi Singular le Plural form-a ei hmang pha leh Singular form-a chu chu, kha kha, khi khi, khu khu, hi hi, saw saw tia ei lamnon hai kha Plural form chun chuong chun, khâng kha, khieng khi, khuong khu, hieng hi, sawng saw ti a hung ni ta leiin, Singular form-ah lo ziek kop inla khom Plural form-a ei ziek pha ziek kop a remchang ta naw leiin ziek kop lo vong a thra.
Chun, hieng thu malhai bok hi tuortu (Object) le thilthawtu (subject) a ei hmang pha chun Object-a chu chu, hi hi, kha kha, khi khi, khu khu, saw saw, tihai hi Subject-a ei hmang pha leh chu chun, hi hin, kha khan, khi khin, khu khun, saw son ti a hung ni nawk dai a nih. Chuleiin, tuortu kha thilthawtu ngirhmuna an um pha thu mal pangngaia lamnon thei a ni tak naw leiin le a thu mal tin khan kawk hrang an nei leiin ziek kop lo ding a nih. A thu mal hmasa hi pronoun pangngai, a nuhnung hi demonstrative pronoun a ni vong. Ei ziek kop chun mizie hrang an nina a sukbo a nih. Hi thu hi chieng lemin ‘HI’ ti thupuia hmangin a hnuoia hin a hranin la thlir ei tih.
Adverb of degree (Intensifier)
Adverb chu thilthaw (verb) hrilfietu a nih. “Lala a fe hrat, Lali a fe muong” ei ti chun ‘hrât’ le ‘muong’ hi thilthaw um dan hrilfietu, adverb of manner an nih. Amiruokchu, “Lala a fe hrat êm êm, Lali a fe muong bêk bêk” ka ti chun a fe hrat le muong thu hrilna ‘êm êm’ le ‘bêk bêk’ hi adverb of degree a ni ta thung a nih. Sienkhom, thu mal pangngai lamnon loin, “Lala a fe hrat taluo” ka ti thei a, chu chu thu mal khat, uorna thu a ni leiin a hranga ‘ta luo’ tia ka ziek chun umzie pai naw nih.
Chun, ‘Thanga ka hmu naw hrim hrim/rêng rêng” ei ti chun hrim hrim le reng rengin an uor chu a hmaa ‘naw’ ti hi a nih. Hi taka hin, lamnon loin “Thanga ka hmu naw hrim/reng a nih” lo ti lang chu a kawk a dang daih a nih. “Par mawi tak tak an hung chawi, In lien deu deu ka hmuh” ti nekin “An par hung chawi chu a mawi kher el, Ka in hmu chu lien deu a nih” ka ti thei bok a. A hmasa hi thu mal pangngai lamnona thu uor taka hrilna a na, a nuhnung ruok hi chu thu mal pakhat chauh lama thu uorna a nih. Hieng hai hi adjectival verb an ni vong a, sienkhom thu uorna dinga thu mal lamnon hi double adverb ti a na, tu laia hmang tlanglawn lem chu Intensifier ti a na, indik lem hman a tih. Hieng vàng váng, veng veng, rau rau, chen chen, tho tho, zeu zeu le a dang dang hai hi double adverb an ni a, thilthaw an zui a. Amiruokchu, thil thawna hmun le hun hril fiena (adverb of place/time) a ei hmang pha ruok chu double adverb kha thilthaw hmaah ei sie thung a nih. Entirnan, Khu chen chen chu ka fe pei nawh.
Lamnon: Plural siemna hmangruo
Dannaranin, plural siemna dinga thu mal ei hriet inlâr tak chu ‘hai’ ti hi a nih. Amiruokchu, ei trong kalhmang ei hang bi chieng ruok chun plural siemna hmangruo ei lo hau êm êm a, chuong laia ei hmang tlanglawn chu thu mal pahni lamnon a nih. Thu mal hrang hrang hi noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, phrase leh clause chen khom siemna dingin ei lamnon rop hlak a. Hieng thu mal ei lamnon hin a hmaa thu mal um, ei lamnona thu inphum kha plural-in a siem hlak a nih. Thu mal lamnon hi double adverb-a ei hmang nek hmanin plural siemna dingin ei hmang rawn lem khom a hoi. Chuonghai chu ziek kop ding an ni nawh. A hnuoia hin chu chu hang thlir vak ei tih.
Noun lamnon:
Noun lamnona plural ei siem dan hang bi inla. “Khaw lai hmun am i fang a?” ka ti chun hmun pakhat bik kan donna a nih. “Khaw lai hmun hmun am i fang a?” ka ti ruok chun hmun pakhat neka tam a sir leiin chuonghai chu ka’n don a nih. Chuong anga noun lamnona plural ei siem dan entirna iemani zat hang pe inla:
Tu nau nau amanih ka don khawm.
Mi dang dang nau ka don.
Tu hming hming am a na i sam kawi hi?
Ieng trong trong am i thiem a?
Tu zakuo kuo am i sawp a?
Tu par par am a na i hung lo khawm hi?
Ieng puon puon am i haw khawm a na?
Tu lo lo am bu a thra a?
Tu khuo khuo am i sir ta a?
Hi taka hin lam rik hni nei ‘zakuo’ tia a zuitua hin ‘za’ banin ‘kuo’ chauh hmang a ni a, chu chu ei trong a lam inhoi zawnga thu ei kei kop dan a nih. Hieng ang bok hin Saptronga thu mal ei hmang pha khomin ei thaw hlak.
Tu telefawn fawn am an hung siem ta a?
Ieng pensil sil am i’n chawk a?
Ieng ofis fis am i sir ding?
Ieng elekson son am vote i thlak tah?
Ieng promawson son am a hmu tah?
Tu Minister ter am an hung?
Pronoun lamnon
Pronoun lamnon hi plural siemna dingin ei hmang bok. “Tu tu am inhlawfaa i ruoi ding?” ka ti chun mi pakhat neka tam a ruoi ding thu a kawk a. “Tu am inhlawfaa i ruoi ding?” ka ti ruok chun mi pakhat chauh a kawk. “Ieng ieng am a na i buoipui?” ka ti chun ‘ieng ieng’ ti hi plural a na, thil pakhat neka tam a ngaituo tina a nih. Hi taka ‘tu’ le ‘ieng’ ei lamnon hi Saptrong chun indefinite pronoun an tih.
Uorna Adjective le hmang kop
Uorna hi adverb le chauh ni loin adjective leh khom hmang thei a nih. “Zakuo thra deu ka nei” tia ‘deu’ hin adjective ‘thra’ hi a uor a. Zakuo thra deu deu ka nei” tia uorna ‘deu deu’ ei hmang non ruok hin chu zakuo thratzie hril ta loin zakuo pakhat neka tam a nei thu a kawk daih thung a nih.
Tirna/infuinaa Verb lamnon
Thil thaw ding mi ei hril amani le ei infui chang hin verb ei lamnon rop hlak a, chu chun thilthaw kha voi khat neka tam thaw a nih ti an entir a, thilthaw chu plural-ah a siem a nih. Chun, plural a siem el khelah tirna, infuina le zilna thu khom a fûn sa bok.
Fè fé naw rawh.
Thaw thaw ngai naw rawh.
Khêl hril hril naw rawh.
I hmûr liek liek naw rawh.
Ko ko la, hung el a tih.
Tiem tiem la, hung thiem el i tih.
Adverb lamnon
Hieng, “Văn a’n rŭm dur dur, Ar a’n chiek lom lom, Thanga a voi dut dut” ei ti chun adverb ei lamnon hin verb thilthaw chu voi khat neka tam thaw a ni thu ei hril a nih. Lamnon loin voi khat chauh lam inla chu, thilthaw kha voi khat chauh thaw a ni thu a hril thung a nih. Hieng ei lamnonhai hi adjectival verb an nih.
Subject le Verb lamnon
Subject le verb lamnon hi trongkam chi khat, adverb ‘el’ ti belin, mi thilthaw rop ei nghok kha ei soisel hlak a. “Nang hi i in i in el a, Ka zakuo i lo hâk i lo hâk el a, Hi mipa hi a suok a suok el a, Mi poisa i bat i bat el a, Inkhawm i’n hnu i’n hnu el a” ei ti chun thilthaw kha voi khat neka tam thaw a ni thu ei hril bakah kha thilthaw kha ei dit naw thu hrilin ei soisel sa bok a nih.
Noun Clause-a Verb lamnon
Verb ni si, sienkhom noun sin thaw si, plural siemna dinga ei lamnon hlak tam tak a um a. “Kan hmu hmu kan inchik” ei ti chun, “Kan hmu hmu” ti hi noun clause a na, noun sin a thaw a, noun hmangna hlak transitive verb ‘inchik’ tuortu (object) a hmang a nih. Iem a na kan inchik chu? Kan hmu hmu. Hi taka hin “kan hmu hmu” ti hi noun anga hmang a na, ‘kan’ hi subject a na, ‘hmu hmu’ ti hi predicate (verb) a nih. Hieng, “ I dit dit la rawh, I nuom nuom thaw rawh, A um umin bu fa ro, A hung hung lo chibai ro” tia verb ei lamnon po po hi plural siemnaa ei hmang hlak a nih.
Adjective Clause-a Verb lamnon
“Zakuo thra kan ti ti kan inchawk” ei ti chun, Ieng zakuo am in inchawk? ti zawna donna chu ‘Thra kan ti ti” ti a ni a. “Thra kan ti ti” ti hin noun zakuo a hril fie leiin adjective sin a thaw a nih. Hi taka ‘kan’ hi subject a na, ‘thra ti ti” ti hi predicate (verb) a na, chuleiin adjective clause a na, ei lamnon hin plural a siem a nih. Hieng, “Pastor kan ring ring kan tir, Sa inhnik kan ti ti kan fak, Ka thuomhnaw thraa ka hriet hriet le nal ka ti ti ka chawi” tihai khom hi an ni vong. Amiruokchu, “Titi a sep” (noun) amanih, “A titi” (verb) ka ti ruok chun a kawk a danglam daih a nih.
Adverb Clause-a Verb lamnon
“A nuom nuomin ami soisak” ei ti chun “ami soisak” ti hi principal clause a na, ‘a nuom nuomin” ti hin principal clause-a verb ‘soisak’ ti kha a hril fie leiin adverb clause a na, ‘nuom nuom’ ti lamnon hin soisak dan chi hrang hrang a umzie a tar lang a, chuleiin adverb clause-a verb kha plural-ah a siem a nih. “A ngai ngaiin lo ngai raw se, A chang chang lo chang raw se, A ni ni lo ni raw se, A thaw thawin lo thaw raw se” tihai khom hi an ni vong. Hi taka hin plural siemna el chauh khom ni loin, a thilthaw chu a ieng ieng khom ni sien poi ei ti naw thu amani le ei pompui thu ei hril sa bok a nih.
Adverb Clause-a Subject le Verb lamnon
“I tiem i tiem chun thiem el i tih, A thaw a thaw chun hlawtling a tih, I dawn i dawn chun inrui i tih, I fâk i fâk chun thawhla’ng i tih” tia thilthaw (verb) le thilthawtu (subject) ei lamnon hin verb chauh ni loin, verb le subject inkop kha plural-in ei siem a na, adverb clause a nih.
Principal Clause-a Subject le Verb lamnon
Subject le Verb lamnona plural siem hi principal clause-a khom ei thaw hlak. Entirnan, “A hriet naw naw a mi’n don a mi’n don el” ei ti chun ‘a mi’n don a mi’n don’ ti hi principal clause a nih. “A hriet naw naw” ti hin ieng am a’n don ti a hril bok. Verb-a ‘indon, don’ tuortu a ni leiin noun clause a nih.
HI-HIN
A chunga mi le inzom si, amiruokchu lamnon el thil khom ni ta lo a, ei hmang dan zira thu mal inthlak danglam hang thlir ei tih. Chu dinga besana ei hmang ding chu pronoun ‘Hi’ ti hih a nih. Chu taka danglamna siemtu tak, Object (tuortu) kha Subject (Thilthawtu) a inchangtirtu chu hawrop ‘n’ amanih ‘in’, thu hnungbeta ei hmang hlak, trong ziekna dinga a kila lung trangkai pakhat chu a nih.
Demonstrative pronoun
‘Hi’ amanih, lam nona ‘hi hi’ amanih, a hmang dan dungzuia ‘hi hin’ amani hai hin hming aiawtu (pronoun) kawkhmutu sin an thaw leiin Saptrong chun demonstrative pronoun a nih. ‘Hi hi hung chawi rawh’ (singular), ei ti chun ‘hi’ hmasa hi pronoun a na, ‘hi’ nuhnung hi kawkhmutu (demonstrative pronoun) chu a na, tuortu (object) ah ei hmang bok a nih. ‘Hi’ ti hi plural a ni ding pha ruok chu ‘hi’ a khan ‘eng’ ei bel a, ‘hieng’ ti a hung ni a. Entirnan, ‘Hieng hi hung chawi rawh’ (plural). Amiruokchu, thilthawtu (subject) anga ei hmang pha ruok chu ‘hi’ a khan ‘eng’ ni ta loin ‘n’ chauh ei bel a, ‘hi hin” ti a hung ni ta lem dai bok. Entirnan, Hi hin cheng sawmthum thawlawmah a pek. Chun, hmun threnkhata chu plural ‘hieng’ a khan plural siemna thumal pakhat ‘hai’ belsain ‘hienghai hin’ ei ti bok: Hienghai hin lawmman an lak.
Demonstrative adjective
Amiruokchu, ‘hi hi’ ti inkarah thil hming (noun) ei zep pha leh hming hrilfietu a hung ni tah leiin demonstrative pronoun ni loin demonstrative adjective a hung ni nawk daih a nih. Chu umzie chu, hming aiawtu kawkhmutu ni ta loin hming hrilfietu (adjective) kawkhmutu a hung ni ta thung tina a nih. Entirnan, Hi pa hi mi thra a nih, Hieng misuolhai hin mi an rok. Chuong chu a ni lai zingin, a hmangna zirin ‘hieng’ ti hi plural a ni chuong kher nawh ti hriet a thra. Entirnan, Hieng ang mi var hi pawl ding a nih (singular).Tuortu (object) le Thilthawtu (subject)
Demonstrative pronoun chi hrang hrang hai hi tuortu (object) le thilthawtua (subject) ei hmang phaa an inthlak danglam dan tlangpui chu hieng ang hin a nih:
| Tuortu (Object) | Thilthawtu (Subject) |
| chu chu | chu chun |
| chuong chu | chuonghai chun |
| hi hi | hi hin |
| hieng hi | hienghai hin |
| kha kha | kha khan |
| khâng kha | khâng khan |
| khi khi | khi khin |
| khieng khi | khienghai khin |
| khu khu | khu khun |
| khuong khu | khuonghai khun |
| saw saw | saw son |
| sawng saw | sawnghai son |
(February 2, 2015; Delhi)
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