Pipu rauthla leng an kaina;
Chengrang le an sai ram suokna,
Do tin thlunglu an vănna ram.
- Author
Tien thusim
Ram hin a hluotu zirin hming hrang hrang a put hlak a, Tripura khomin hming a hau ve: Kirata, Twipra, Tuipara, Tiperra, Tipra, Tripura. An ram trong tuolleng Kokborok chun tui (twi) chu einiin ‘tui’ (water) ei ti tho a kawk a, pra chu ‘hnai, kawl, bul’ (near) tina a nih. A umzie chu tui le inhnaia um ram, tui kama um ram tina a nih. Eini rawi ruok chun ei Rengpui (Maharaja) inlalna ramah ei sie tlat leiin Rengpui Ram amanih Rengram ei tih. Khawvela ‘Rengram’ ei ti um sun a nih.
Manipur ang bokin, Tripura histawri khom hi Hindu sakhuo thla zar hnuoia a lut hnunga Bengali thiempuhai phuokfawm histawri an lak lutin a triel buoi nasa nia ngai pawl an um. Chuonghai histawri hriet dan chun, hmakhawsanga Tripura ram hming chu Kirat Desh a ni a, chu chu Hinduhai thu le hla hlui Mahabharata le Puranas-ah hai a’n lang bakah lal ropui Ashoka The Great thusuok, lunga an ker Edict of Ashoka-a khom a chuong niin an săl a. Chun, November,1431 AD-a inthoka Tripura lalhai chanchin, zieka an inchik tranna bu ‘Rajmala’ a chun tiena tlanga inthoka an reng Krishna Kishore Manikya (1830-1850) hun chena lal an nei zat chu 179 a nih. Bengali thiempuhai hriet dana Manipur lalhai chanchin an suidon dan leh khom an inzawl hle a hoi.
Sakhaw tienami le zel kop thu tam tak, ‘Rajmala’-a chuonghai hi mithiemhai chun histawri anga pom tlak thuah an ngai nawh. Chuong chu a ni lai zingin, a bebawma chuong chanchin tam tak hi suidonna dinga thil trangkai le rikawt poimaw a ni nawk si a nih. A san chu, a tak ngeia thil um a ni naw chun an sakhaw tienami leh zel kop ngaina a um naw lei a nih. Saptronga ‘Rajmala’ inlettu hmasa tak chu Rev. James Long a nih. Chu chu Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 1850 AD khan a hung suok a. Mohammad Hossain-in 1923 khan Beer Press, Agartala-ah a sut non a; 1995 khan sut non a ni bok. Hieng lekhahai hi besana hmangin Mizoram Sorkara Minister, Art & Culture Pu C. Chawngkunga chun ‘Important Documents of Mizoram’ (1998) a buotsai a, chu taka chun Zo hnathlakhai le inzom chanchin poimaw tam tak, abikin ‘Rajmala’ a thu chuong le rikawt dang dang a hlu lut a, research thaw nuomhai ta dingin lunghlu khur a nih.
Rajmala-a hin Tripura Renghai le Kuki tia an lo kohai inlaichin dan iemani zat a chuong a; an pathien Shiva-in Kuki nunghak a ngaizawng thu le a nuhmei lungsenin nunghak ring chu a her tliek thu chen dam ei hmuh. Chuong hun laia Kukihai ram hluo, zieka chieng taka inlang chu Tripura suo tieng le Mizoram tlâk tieng inkar ramhmangpui, Thanangchi (Thananchi) an ti chu a nih. Anni rawi do dinga rûntu sipai tam tak General Raja Chachag (a hnunga Renga hung inthrungin) a tirhai chun thla ruk zet an bei hnungin an tukdol el chauh khom ni loin, Mizoram hrut tungin Burma ramri chen an hang tlung nia hril a nih. Ei pi le puhaiin Vai râl lien thu an hril hlak laia pakhat kha a ni ring a um. Khawkhum khuoa um Truoni le Sortuia um Neilal chanchin khom hi tienami el ni loin, Tripuri hnamhai laia pakhat Takam (Chakma) lalin a lalna hnuoia uma a ngaihaiin sie an chawi ding ang an pek naw leia hrem dinga a hung rŭn thu le inzoma thil tlung niin a’n lang. Hi hi Takam Vai Lien an tih.
Tripuraa British-hai an hung lut hma, 1800 vela Reng sungkuoa buoina leia kum nga zet lala inthrung ding um loa an khawsak lai chun lalna inchuin Kukihai khomin nasa takin thrang an lak ti Rajmala chun a hril. Thil inkhak tuo dana inthoka thlirin, Rengpui ngirhmun lo hluo tah, mi dangin an inchu thlakpek leia an lo chăn tah, hluo nawk tuma thrang la khom an ni el thei ti khom ngairuot thei a nih. Chu chu Saptronga ‘circumstantial evidence’ an ti, eini tronglamkeia, ‘Pan lo-ah tho a fu ngai nawh’ ei ti ang hih a nih.
Rengram le inzomna
Ei pi le pu huna inthok tah khan Tripura hi “Rengpui Ram’ tiin ei ko hlak a, Manipur ruok chu chuong ang chun ei ko ngai nawh. A san poimaw tak um ngei a tih. An hmel, hoiher le tronga inthokin Meiteihai hi Mongoloid hnama mi an nih ti inhmai ruol a ni nawh. An trong lem chu Linguistic Survey an thaw khan Kuki-Chin trong bung laia an sie a nih. Amiruokchu, Hindu sakhuo an zui hnungin an hnam nina hluihlawnin Hindu ‘caste system’ an lak lut a, an tlangmi chanpuihaia inthokin an inlak hran daih a. Tripura lal sungkuo ruok chun, Hindu sakhuo an zui hnung khomin tlangmi Tripuri an nina an hluihlawn ve naw a, tu chen khom hin Scheduled Tribe an nina an la kengkaw zing. Tripuraa tlangmihaiin ‘Vai’ an tihai chu an hnam chanpui, Hindu sakhuo zuituhai an ni a; eini rawiin ‘Vai’ ei tihai ruok chu ‘Kor’ (Korvai) an ti thung a, chuonghai chu khang hun laia an indawrpui phak Bengalihai an ni tak.
Tripura Renghai chun a ram hmun hrang hranga tlangmi lalhai chu ‘Raja’ nina an pek a; Manipura ruok chu chuong ang chu a ni ve nawh. Ei sui chik deuh chun, ei tienamia ‘Vai lal’ chanchin luong lut ei hmuhai hi Tripura tieng le inzom deuh vong niin a’n lang. Chu chun ei khawvel le Rengpui Ram lo inkungkeina thu inril tak a hril bakah ei tienamia hmun hluo khopa ei lo inpaw thukzie a hril naw thei nawh. Chu bung le chang ngainuomum tak ni ding chu suidon le suizom ei tum a nih. A tawi zawngin, a thu laimu chu hi hi a nih. Tiena tlanga ei suopui, China rama inthoka hunghai chun lalram an indin hnung le lal sungkuohai chun Hindu sakhuo hnuoia Aryan thlahai tieng an hung awn deu deu phing leh kâr an hung nei a, an inlaichinna a hung hla tiel tiel a, hnam dang angin an hung inen hrang tiel tiel bok a. Lal sungkuohai chun an nina tak thlauthlak le hluihlawl loa an hnam nina kengkaw zinga an inngai laiin, hnam dangin an hung tam chil tiel tiel a, tuta ngirhmun hi an tlung a nih.
Intamchilna bung le chang
Hieng hi thil um dan chu a nih. Kum 1875 khan a ram mi tamzie chu 63.77% a ni a, 2011 intiem ruok khan chu 30% neka tlawm a ni tah. Kum 150 sungin Bengali pemhaiin 70% chuongin an tamchilh a, rorelna le thuneina po po an kut zălah a tla a, a chongpu kha mikhuolah an inchang dĕr el a nih. Tulai hnai histawri-a intamchilh leia hnam riralna tuok mekhai chanchin an hril zăta hrilthrìna pangzatum, hring zinga thi an hril laia entirnaa a hmatawnga thrang an nih. A ram mihai hi kum tin 2% vela kiem ang an ni a, hienga a fe pei chun tuta inthoka kum sawmnga vela chu an mang thrak tah ding a nih. Kum 2001 khan Kokborok trong hmang 543,848 an um a, a ram puma an tamzie chu 17% a ni a, Scheduled tribe lai ruok chu 54.7% a tam an nih. Tribal danghai chu Reang (16.6%), Jamatia (7.5%), Chakma (6.5%), Halam (4.8%), Mog (3.1%), Munda (1.2%), Kuki (1.2% le Garo (1.1%) an nih. Sakhuona tieng Hindu (85.60%), Muslim (7.90%), Kristien (3.20%), Buddhist (3.10%) le mi dang (0.15%) a nih.
Tripura hluo hmasatuhai hi Tripra (Tripuri) tia hriet an ni a, kum 1881 Census-a Bodo-Kachari hnam peng 19 an hril laia pakhat an nih. Hienghai hi Debbarma,Tripura, Reang or Bru, Jamatia, Koloi, Noatia, Murasing le Uchoi tiin an inthre nawk a, Debbarma hai hi an Rêng sungkuohai an nih. Tibeto-Burman Group laia mi, kha hmaa tuta China ram thlang tieng le Tibet ram bula khawsa, Zo hnathlakhai ang boka hung thlang tla pei a, a tawpah Tripura le Chittagong Hill Tracts vela inzar darh an nih.
Kukihai sulhnung
Eini rawi thlang tla pei khomin hieng lai ram hi ei zu tlung ve a, thlang tlak peina dingin Bengal Tuipuiin a mi lo dang tah leiin hmun nghet khuorin ei khawsa tran ve a. A thlang tla hmasahai hi Bengalihaiin ‘Kuki’ tiin an mi lo ko a, chu chu Kawl rama an mi kona hming tlanglawn “Chin’ ti baka inkona hming tlanglawn ei put nawk chu a nih. Zo hnathlak, India le Bangladesh rama hung thlang tla po po chu khang lai khan ‘Kuki’ tia sorkar hriet ei ni vong.
Ieng hun khan am hieng lai ram hi ei zuon phak tah ti chieng faka hriet ni naw sien khom, zieka ei hung inlang hmasakna tak 1431 AD hma chu a ni ngei ding a nih ti inhmai ruol a ni nawh. Kum 1350 velah zeldin inla, a him tawk el thei. Chu chu a ni chun, Lusei hnam, abikin Sailohaiin Trieu kâna Mizoram an hung lut hun, 1700 AD vel dinga hisap leh an inkarah kum 300 chuong a tla tina a nih. Hieng lai bung le chang hi Zo hnathlakhai chanchina thil um ngei le poimaw ni si, sienkhom suidon lo le hril hlaw lo, ei histawri-a la sui mat ngai (missing link) bung le chang chu a nih. Kum 2014-a suok, Laldova buotsaih History of Chittagong Hill Tracts (A chhunga Zofate leh Hnam hrang hrang chanchin tawi. p.360) khan hieng lai ram le ei inzomna kar iemani zat a hung thol phui a, lawm a um takzet.
Old Kukis
A kum le ni lekhaa inchik a tam naw khomin, hmu le hriet phak china inthok khomin ei thlang tlak dan hi suidon thei a nih. Kum 1900 laia Grierson inrawina hnuoia Linguistic Survey of India an buotsai lai khan Tibeto-Burman Group hnuoia Chin-Kuki Group hai chu pawl liin an mi thre a: Northern Chin, Central Chin, Southern Chin le Old Kukis. Hi hun lai hin a tawpna tak pawl Old Kuki ti hnuoia an zelhai hi Chin Hills-a um ta loin an thlang tla daih tah a, Tripura, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Assam phai le Manipur chen an lo inzar pharh tah a nih. Old Kuki hnuoia an zelhai hi a hnung daiha pawl khatin inkona hming tlanglawna an hung hmang ‘Hmar’ intihaiin Hmar hnathlak vong ni-a an hrilhai chu an nih. Chuonghai chu Aimuol, Anal, Bawng, Bawm, Bawngcher, Biete, Chawrai, Chawthe, Chiru, Darlong, Hallam, Hmar, Hnamte, Hrangkhol, Kaipeng, Khawlhring (Khuolhring), Kolhren (Koireng), Kom, (Hiroi) Lamjang, Muolsom, Purum, Ranglong (Langrong), Sakechek le a dang dang an nih. ‘Hmar’ ti hming hi a pieng hma daia lo inpem dar tah an ni leiin, mani pahnam hminga tribal list-a lo inziek lut tah iemani zat an um a, chu chu makti ding a ni nawh. A thren ruok chu an hming put hmasa tak ‘Kuki’ hnuoiah an la um zing. Iemani zat chun mani sahimna zongin, lung tlu lo deuin, Naga sa an phun tah.
An liem pei ni tinin
Kum 2002 laia inthok tah khan UNESCO chun trong bohmang el dinghai nasa taka invoiiin sansuok dan ding a ngaituo a, khawvel trong inhmang mekhai chu la khawmin Atlas of the World Languages in Danger of Disappearing ti a buotsai a. Khawvela trong 6000 um lai hin 3000 chu hrangchat ngirhmuna khawsa an ni a, kum 2050 hin khawvela trong zaa sawmkuo hi thi hmin der dingin an ngai a. India rama trong thi hmin dinga an sie 196 laia a hnam tam inphua thrang rawn tak chu Old Kuki Group, Hmar hnathlak tia ei ko, abikin Tripura le a se vel rama chenghai hi ei nih. Chanchinbu The Hindu (July 18, 2012) suoka a hril dan lem chun, Tripura State sungah Saihmar trong la hmang thei mi pali chauh khaw pakhata an hmu tah thu an ziek (Ref. Just four people keep a language alive). Hang tiemin pang a sukza a, hmulthi a’n ding suou el a nih. Ei har suok naw chun chu chu a hnam pum chana a hmatiema la tlu pei ding chu a nih.
Hi thil hi hnam dam khawsuokna zongtu ta ding chun zan tin tina mang sietna tham a ni hrim a nih. Tu hin a ram mihai, tlangmi po po inbel khawmin 30% khom an tling zo ta naw laiin, a ram neitu le lalna changtu Debbarman hai hin hun sawt a seia an dam khawsuok tlangna ding invoi nekin, an tranghma chauh ngaia an tlangmi chanpuihai sansuoktua thrang neka an chanvo pumbiltu ni lem awma hrilna um hi a fe pei chun, a tawpah khuongbai angin an lu an la beng thoi dingzie chu zinga nisa hung suok ding anga inkhel lo ning a tih. Anni hma lakna le thruoina hnuoiah thrangruol nachang an hriet ruok chun, iemani chen bek insan thei ngirhmuna ngir an la nih. Chu thil chu chanchin thra hmanga invoi hlawk thei a ni zing laiin, ei hripui, mani pawl phuna ei ramtrang zing ruok chun, an thlan khur ei cho inthuk zuol mei mei khom a ni thei bok. Ieng tin am pawl hau tienga thrahnemngai pawl le inthre darh inhoi ti ruolin eini ang boka tui tlahai chu ei san suok thei ding?
Tripura hi a kilkhawr leiin puo tieng hriet a hlaw naw hle a. Inchimralna thua le kum 1998-a inthoka tu chena CPI(M) hnuoia Chief Minister Manik Sarkar ni pei hang pasietzie, indikzie le sinthaw thratzie thuin hriet a hlaw bakah eini rawiin ‘Ramthim’ ti-a ei hril inthim leia ram hnufuol tongkhong ni dinga ei lo ngai kha a hmelhmang ni awma ei lo ngairuot dan a ni deuh tak a, sienkhom a varna tieng chu a lo inthim naw khop el. Kum 2009 le 2011 khan survey le cultural mapping thaw malamin ka sir a, Darchawia ZoFest-2012-ah ka thrang bok a. Manmasi Suopui Inkhawmpui, January 21-22, 2015-a Janthum Bawng Colony, Dhalai District-a Tripura Hmar Welfare Society huoihota thupui hriltua ka thrang khah Tripura ka sir voi lina a nih. A hmun ei tlung zet chu a pansak ramhai nek daia hmasawnna tienga changkang lem, dikna hmanga ro an relna, electricity khom Manipur anga inthim ve loa a var kungna, lamlien le lamchin khom a thratna le mamna, tlangmi kristienhaiin Kristien sorkar neka Communist sorkar an dit lem tlat tăkna ram, Rengpui Ram a lo ni takzet el. An inthimna tak chu, pêm ruolin an dol zo trep khoma a ram mihaiin inthuruola thrang lak nachang an hriet naw hi a nih. Chu chanchin chu inhmaw loin ei phok pei ding a nih.
(Sunzom pei ding. March 6, 2015, Delhi)
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