Hi thil hi hnam dam khawsuokna thu le inzom tlat a ni leiin a poimaw a, sienkhom a poimawzie hre le invoi phak ei tlawm leiin, kha artikul khah lung lût taka tiem ei tlawm a ni khomin thilmakah ka ngai nawh. A AW B hmang dan ringota buoi ei la tam a, ei phak tawk baka beisei suksang chu invêt hlawna chauh a nih. Tuta truma khawvel hmaa mani mong ei hlǐm dan le ei insukmuolpho dan khom hi ziek naw inla chuh, ngai sukthra muta bohmangna lampui hraw pei hi hmasawnna lampuia kalchawi anga inngaina ei nei zui pei ring a um. Ziek châk um lo deuh, sienkhom eini ngeiin ei hnam chunga ei thaw a ni tlat leiin, ziek lo thei lo niin ka ngai a, ei mong ei hlǐm dawbol ding a ni leiin, a poi khop el.
A thu tluonghrui ei man theina dingin, hi thu ka ziek hmasaka mi iemani zat hang ngaithla nawk phot inla:
Quote
“Grierson hmalakna le inrawina hnuoia thlithlaina an nei hi sunzom dingin kum 1984 khan Registrar General & Census Commissioner hnuoia um Language Division chun Second Linguistic Survey of India an indin a. An thaw hmasa taka inthoka tu chena trong ngirhmun inthlak danglam pei dan sui chu an tum tak a nih. Kum 2010 khan 40% vel zo hman tah anga ripawt a ni laiin, Grierson hun laia a trong hmangtu vantlang mi naranhaia inthok ni loa zirtirtu le sorkar thoktu, trening nei lohai lakhawmtu dinga an la sor zing leiin trong tienga mi thiemhai soisel a hlaw nasa a. Chun, kum 1991 Census-ah ‘nu trong’ (mother tongue)an ti, ziek dan le hmang dan phung (grammar) nei chu 1576 le ‘nu trong dang’ (other mother tongues) an ti chuh 1796 an hmu suok bakah Grierson inrawina hnuoia thlithlaina an nei khan Burma tienga hnam tam tak le South India tieng, abikin Tamil Nadu le Karnataka-a cheng hnam tam tak trong an lo hmai palh ti an hmu suok bok a.
“Chuleiin, India Sorkar chun Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-2012) sunga fumfe lem le huop zau lema thlithlaina nei dingin cheng tlukledingawn (tda) 2.8 (billion) a sangson a. Hi prawzek thar hi New Linguistic Survey of India le Survey of Minor and Endangered Languages ti hnuoiah an hung thre a. University hrang hrang 54, investigators 2000 le linguists & language specialists 10,000 ruoia kum 10 sunga zo dinga an riruong a nih. Himalay tlang thrut vela hnam chenghai tronga inthoka tran ding ti khah, hnam bing zawnga inlâk hrang tumna le nuomna lungril kei thona ni dinga ngai pawl an um leiin sorkarin kut a kei tǐm a, ieng insuo hman loin a hrût nawk tah a nih.
“Chu phingleh kum 1996-a Baroda-a indin NGO pakhat, The Bhasha Research and Publication Centre chun anni puola thlithlaina sin chu bawzui dingin People’s Linguistic Survey of India (PLSI) an indin a, trong riral mekhai zong suok le san suok sin thaw dingin Professor G.N.Devy inrawina hnuoiah hma an lak tran a, 2016 chen khan State hrang hrangah Workshop voi 80 chuong an huoihot tah a nih. Mizorama an huoihot hmasa tak National Seminar on Mizo Language: Contemporary Challenges and Prospects chu 18-19 July, 2013 khan Aizawlah nei a ni a, chu taka chun an mi fiel anga thrangin, ziek dinga an mi bituk ‘Mizo as a Link Language’ ti ka thaw ve. Hi truma ka hril uor tak chu Zotrong a dam khawsuokna ding le hrisel taka a hung inthranglien peina dinga bawlhlo poimaw chu a chawmtu Zo hnathlak trong hrang hrang chim pil neka sukhmasawn le sukhrat lem a nizie thu a nih.
“Trong thlithlainaa valantiara thrang mi 3000 neka tamin kum li sunga an khonkhawm phek 35,000 chuong chu Volume 50 vela khawrpum dinga riruong a nih. Thlithlaina an nei sung hin, India ram sung ringotah trong 780 an rikawt a, trong 100 neka tam rikawt lo la um dingin an ring bok. Chun, kum 50 sungin trong 220 a riral hman a, kum 50 nawkah 150 vel bohmang nawk dingin an ring. India Constitution (8th Schedule) hnuoia Scheduled Languages 22 an pom tahai chu 1) Assamese, (2) Bengali, (3) Gujarati, (4) Hindi, (5) Kannada, (6) Kashmiri, (7) Konkani, (8) Malayalam, (9) Manipuri, (10) Marathi, (11) Nepali, (12) Oriya, (13) Punjabi, (14) Sanskrit, (15) Sindhi, (16) Tamil, (17) Telugu, (18) Urdu (19) Bodo, (20) Santhali, (21) Maithili le (22) Dogri an nih.”
Unquote
Hi thu ei bawzui peina san chu February 2002-a UNESCO huoihota mi thiem thlang khawmin khawvela trong hrang hrang ngirhmun thlirna an buotsai lekhabu, Atlas of the World Languages in Danger of Disappearing ti, Paris-a an tlangzar truma khawvela trong hrang hrang 6000 chuong la um laia 3000 vel chu thihmun suola um an ni thu le tuta anga thil a fe pei chun, kum 2050 hin khawvela trong zaa sawmkuo (90%) vel chu thi hmin der tah dinga an ring thu an puonga inthok khan a ni zuol. An sut dan chun, thrang thum liem tah sung khan trong 200 chuong daih a thi hmin hman tah a nih. Ramsa le vate an bo hrat let liin trong a bo hrat lem. Hi Atlas hi ennonin an siem thra pei a. Febraury 17, 2009-a a thar an tlangzara chun India rama trong thi meka ngai 196 lai Zo hnathlak trong hrang hrang 13 a thrang sa a, chuonghai laia a tam tak chu Hmar hnathlak Old Kuki pahnamhai trong a nih. Chu chun ei naah lawmna dâr am vuina dâr a vuok?
Manipura trong hmanghai
Tuta truma ei bi ding chu PLSI buotsaih, Volume 18 Part 2, ‘The Languages of Manipur’, phek 438-a sa, trong 26 an thlithlaina, cheng 1800 man a nih. Hienghai lai hin Schedule Language chu pakhat chauh, Manipuri a um a, a dang Non-Scheduled Languages 25 chu tlangmihai trong a nih. Hnam 6 (Maring, Mate, Paite, Purum, Simte le Zeme) an la thrang sa nawh. Tlangmi trong 25 laia 8 chu Hmar hnathlaka ngai, Old Kuki Group-a mi an nih. Hieng tlangmi trong 31 hai hi trong thi mek le thihmun suol ni-a UNESCO-in a ngaihai chu an nih.
Trong hrang hrang thlithlaina dinga a ruongam zui ding chu prokram buotsaituhai le a ram mi, mi thiema an ngai le ruoihai leh workshop neiin an siem a. Volume 18 (Part 2) Volume Editor dinga ruot chu K. Nipuni Mao, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore-a North-Eastern Language Development Programme-a Mao trong zirtirtu a nih. Thlithlaina sin tlawmngaia thawtu dingin hnam tin laia mi an zong a, chuonghai chun proforma siem sa ruongin an ripawt seng chu an hung buotsai a, chuonghai chu an lo lak khawm a, an edit a, volume hrang hrangin an khorpum a, an sut a nih. Hmar tronga mi buotsaitu dinga an ruot chu Timothy Z. Zote a nih. Ama hi M.A (Sociology), Diploma (Journalism & Communication), Journalist inti, Manmasi Year Book Vol 1&2 buotsaitu, pa tumru le chengvawng, hawihawm le taima a nih.
Tuta trum ruok chu ei kawl le kienga phuokfawm histawri invet chilh pawlin an zawlaidi an lo tat rawn deuh amani ding, a ripawt bung 7 phek 101 a chun Origin of the Tribe- ‘The Sinlung Settlement’ ti hnuoiah hieng hin a ziek mop el a nih!
Quote:
“It is believed that Hmars came from the Middle East into the Eastern side of present day China and then scattered for economic consideration. Here in China, they are believed to have settled for many years. During their settlement in China, there were three rulers-Chin, Chi and Chu. Among these rulers Chin was the most powerful; he introduced many reforms and allowed the Hmars to worship their own god called Emulu. Chin was succeeded by Shi Whuangti who forced the Hmars to follow his culture and as such divided the Hmars into two groups. Those loyal to the king interacted with the Chinese freely, but those who were not loyal to the king were to live at a place called Sinlung. Shi Whuangti’s Grand Councillor Li Ssu issued a strong order to burn all the books except books and documents connecting to military governance. Those who disobeyed the order were punished or killed. This might be the reason that Hmar left Sinlung. The probable reason why the Hmars left Sinlung is sung in Hmar folk songs. There are also many songs about the settlement at Sinlung as the Hmars still sing the glories of Sinlung with rapt and reverent admiration. Some examples are given below…”
Unquote
Hmar trongin
Hmarhai hi Middle East-a inthokin tu lai China ram saktienga hung inpem le fakzongna remchang ang peia China rama inthoka inpem darh ni-a ring a nih. China rama hin kum tam tak an um nia ring a nih. China rama an khawsak lai hin lal pathum Chin, Chi le Chu an um a. Hieng lalhai laia ropui tak chu Chin a ni a; ram siem thrat sin tam tak a tran a, Hmarhai khomin an pathien Emulu chu zalen taka an biek a phalpek a. Ama hung thlaktu Shi Whuangti chun Hmarhai chu ama kalchar zui dinga a ti leiin pawl hniin an hung inthre a. Lal thu zawmtuhai chu a ram mihai le zalen taka khawsak tlang a phal a; a thu awi nawtuhai chu hmun pakhat Sinlungah a khum khawm tawl a. Shi Whuangti lal khawnbawl un tak Li Ssu chun sipai inrelbawl dan ti inziekna lekhabu ti lo lekhabu dang hram hrim chu raw hmang vong dingin thupek khauh tak a’n suo a. A zawm nuom nawhai chu an hrem naw leh an sukhlum a. Hi lei hin Hmarhaiin Sinlung an suoksan ni mei a tih. Hi thu hi Hmar pipu hlaa khom a um. Sinlunga an cheng laia an ropuizie thu hrilna hla tam tak an nei a, chuong hlahai chu khŭn tak le inza takin an sak hlak a nih…
Pakhat êk chè, lawm êk chè
Hi hi ieng histawri le tu hnam chanchin am an ta leh? Israelhai tonhriet le ei histawri khit kop tum pawl thukhawchang zui a, December 4, 2004-a Hmar Trobul Seminar an nei truma hawhawa ei histawri an mi norpui leia Phuokfawm Histawri 1-4 zet ka ziek pha hiel lai dam kha hi lekha ka tiem lai hin ka hriet suok rum rum a. Phuokfawm histawri-a thrangtharhai ei chawm hi a triumzie hi a hung inlang deu deu pei ding a nih. Tu khom hin voi le chang le thil chinchang hrie, mania ngaidan siem thei chin chun ei hnam trobul ei inchuktir tam tak hih phuokfawm histawri-a innghat a nih ti an hung man chieng ta a, an lungril ei sukchi-ai a, thudik lem ei hril khomin an khawhri chei tum vong el a nih. Inthiem naw ding khom an ni nawh. Mani luok bok liek non liek non pei ei um laiin, lungvar nei thrangtharhaiin thu thring le trawng liek an pei ta nawh A chunga ei thukhawchang khom hi ngaituona hmang thei ruolthrahai le hnam dangin an tiem pha, iengtin am an mi ngai ding maw?
Mi pakhat êk che, lawm êk chè ti po ei thaw a hoi.‘Tui tla chun insamhimna dingin rûl khom a chel’ ti anga trobul inzaum nei nuom luot leia inbul deua inhril vel a, Tuipui Sen kân pawlah inzêl lut a, Sinai thlalerah mana ring a, sak tieng pan peia China Rengpui hmasa tak Shih Huang Ti (BC 259- 210) inlalna hnuoiah um a, China Kul Bang (Great Wall of China) bawltuhai lai thrang a, chutaka inthoka tlan suok pawl laia mi ni-a inhril hi tienami ngainuomum a lo ni miel khomin a kârinkik taluo a, thudik leh inzawlna a nei bok nawh. Hi hi a tawi zawngin Himalaya khom Himalawi, Irrawady khom Airawdunga inchangtir theitu ‘Hranglien Factor’ ti inbuk inla, a suol tam naw el thei. Chu Factor chun ei trobul thusim le kohran chanchin chen hi a phan khum truk a, a phan khum thing khom chieng taka hmu thei a ni ta nawh.
Linguistic Survey of India hmasa tak 1898-1928 a khan Zo hnathlakhai trong rurel tar langna dinga thu ziek an hmang chu ‘Naupa Tlan Hmang’ tekhinthu a nih. Tuta lekhabu ei thlira hmang ruok chu ‘Sakhi Longdar’ tienami a nih. Grierson ngeiin Luka 15:11-32 a hmang san chu, “it contains the three personal pronouns, most of the cases found in the declension of nouns, and the present, past, and the future tenses of the verb” tiin a ziek.[1] Sakhi Longdar an hmang san chu ziek a ni naw laiin Hmar trong an ziek dan ruok chun duthu a sam naw bakah thrangthar ‘uo’ hmang thiem lohai letlingin ‘u’ hmangna dingah ‘uo’ a hmang uor a, mit a sukkham. Hieng ang hin: thurûk ti dingah thuruok, phŭm ti dingah phuom, kûr ti dingah kuor, phûr ti dingah phuor, ru ti dingah ruo, sung ti dingah suong. A tam dan enin sut suol palh ringot lei a ni nawh ti a chieng.
Hmar tronga thu le hla hung inthrang dan le media hrang hranga hmang a hung ni dan thu ei tiem chun a ziektu Hmar khawvelin Tuithraphai ruom bak a’n huoptir nawh ti ngairuot nghal thei a nih. Hmar hnathlaka ngai hnam 8 trong hung ziektuhai thu ziek puitling tak tak leh ei hang enkhi a, a hnampui taka insie ni si Hmar chanchin ei tar lang nuom dan hi chuh hmaia ui ek rang buoia intât a, thu vut vuta khawlai leng ang a nih. Kong dang zawnga ei ngaituo ruok chun, hi lekhabua ei chanchin ziektu hin ei nina tak, phuokfawm histawri-a inhlieu, khêl le tak khom thlier hrang thei ta lo ei nizie huoi taka khawvel hrieta hung puong suok a ni lem naw maw?
Chu hrilfiena ding chun entirna pakhat chauh hang tar lang inla. Kum 2015-a Hmar Literature Society, Churachandpur, Manipur lekhabu sut ‘History of Hmar Literature’ phek 41-a chun Thlanrokpa khuongchawi thusim le inzomin hi thu hi a chuong chu tie! An thu rem dan hi a tritro hlea chuh tiemtuhaiin a umzie an hriet thei tho dingah ngai inla. Hieng ang hin:
Quote:
Thlanrawkpa khuongchawi a’n ṭhumna hla chun hieng hin a hril:
“Tiena rawkhuo a’n siengin Arawn a’n thla,
Khawchultenu’n Thlanrawkpa chinkhuong rawn chawi,
Mi tin sa tin lâm zo tah vanhnuoia mi,
Saratangpa’n a hrai tlângchawi ama’n lâm” tiin.
Hi hlaa ‘Arawn an thla’ ti hi ie’m a tina ni’ng a t’a? Pi le puhai chun ârâwn vate umna hmun an hraw ti hmêl rêng rêng ei hriet ngai nawh a. Hlaa ‘Arawn’ a chuong vawikhatna ni hiel dingin ring a um. Ei ramah chanchin ṭha a lut hnung chun Mosie unaupa Arawn a um ti ei hriet a. Vate Arâwn le Mosie unaupa Arâwn chu Hmar ṭawngin a ziek dan a’n thuhmun char a. Hi taka a tarlang nuom tak chu Mosie unaupa Pharoa-in a’n thla thu a ni thei el di’m chu ti ring thei a nih..”
Unquote
Hienga mani ril rem zawnga thusim le thurachi phuok sap pei hi hnam tin thaw dan a ni ve tho leiin, khawvela thilmak pasarihai lai hlu lut trûl loah ngai inla. Eini rawi buoithlakna ruok chu, hnam var lemhaiin a tak le a si, a dum le var, kel le beram thlier hrang dan an thiem laia ei thlier thiem ve tlat naw hi a nih. Pulpit tlanga chen zer huom tla rak khopa Baibul rama chenghai nina intrawmpui phet tuma thu lawilo sermon ngam ei um. Tlawmngai insuo thiem leia voi sari zet sawn pai an hril neka tlawmngai le thrahnemngai taka phuokfawm histawri hlutpui ei tam. “Vate Arawn le Mosie unaupa Arawn chu Hmar ṭawngin a ziek dan a’n thuhmun char a” dam ei tithlak ringota chuh, Hmar tronga Baibul varson panga ei neihai lai Mosie unaupa Aron hming hi “Arawn’ ti-a ziek pakhat khom an um nawh. ‘Hranglien Factor’ hmang phêt tuma ramtrang hi inza phurna nekin mani mong hlimna mei mei a ni thei. Baibul tiem tah hlak chun Mosie unaupa hming ziek dan le lam rik dan an hriet. Chun, histawri le Baibul ram chanchin thlung kop phêt tum hi Pathien thu sukbuongbarna a ni theina chin a um. Tuta lekhabu ei thlir laia ei chanchin hlu luttu thukhawchang khom hi ama awm thusuok ela bel fai vong chi ni kher naw nih. Tienami ei inchuktir char a hung phar suok lem a ni naw maw? Thudik tranin ei hmasuon ngam am?
Tu am ei mawsiet ta ding? Tu am lungtum inleta deng hmasa ding? An naw leh, ei ching dan pangngaiin, hieng thil tlâng hrieta phor lang ngamtu, tlangsam hi thiemnaw arbawm inkhumtirin, hnam hmelma le inphatsantu-ah ei puong rêk el dim a ni?
(August 29, 2017; Delhi)
[1] Sen, Siddhartha (2002). “George Abraham Grierson, 1851-1941”. Hermathena (172) 39-55. JSTOR 23041283
###
No comments :
Post a Comment