- Joseph Joubert (1754-1824)
Kum iemani zat sunga bu fak malama Blessing Buhril le kan titina hluo rawn tak chu thu le hla le inzoma mihriemin ngaituona a hmang dan, tukver hrang hranga inthoka thil a thlir dan le hmu dan, a hril suokna dinga trongkam hmangruo a ser tung dan, trong mal tin hin a hung insiengna khawvel zierang put a, chu khawvel hung inthlak danglam ang peia a zepui tak pei si loa ze thar a hung insuo le put pei dan dam, trongchăng lakna ang hiela pronoun ei hmang inrim dan le a siena dinga ei sie naw leia a kawk lo ding ei inkawktir hlak dan dam le thil dang dang, thluok hĕna chi vong a nih.
Entirnan a tawp taka ka hril lang, pronoun ei hmang pawlawt leia ei inkhap suol hlak dan hi hang tuihni met inla. Chawibiek inkhawma rokhaitu a hung ngir a, “Voisuna ei chawibiek inkhawm vongtu ding chuh kei ka nih. Ei hla thruoitu dinghai inrawitu chu ei tlangval Thanga ning a tih. Ei trantu ding chu Thangi, ei thawlawm inhlantu ding Upa Fela, ei thuhriltu ding Rev. Sawma ning a tih” tiin a hung puong a. Indik thlupin ei ngai. Ei hang sui chik ruok chun pronoun ‘ei’ a hmangna po po hi thil trul lo vong a nih. Chun, ‘ei’ hi thu chuongliem le indik lo inhriltirtu a ni bok. A san chu ei chawibiek a ni naw a, ei hla sak ding ei ni naw a, Thanga chu a bielnu tlangval a ni thei laiin ei tlangval a ni naw a, trantu khom ei trantu a ni naw a, thuhriltu chu eini thu hriltu ding ni loin Pathien thu hriltu dinga ruot a nih. Inkhawm trinah mi chibai a, “ Kan thuhriltu sermon chu ngaithlak a manhla ie” ei ti hih a hawihawm hlea chuh a eini thu hriltu ni loin Pathien thu hriltu a nih.
‘Ei Pastor nu le ei Upa nu khom an inlusu thrak nawh’ ei la hang ti sa nawk tah deuh deuh! Ei hril tak chu Pastor/Upa piengna nu (pastor/elder’s mother) a ni a, ei hril tum le inkawktir ruok chu pastor/upa nuhmei a nih. ‘Ei/kan monu’ ei hang ti zui pei a, ei hril umzie tak chu ei mo piengna nu (mother of our daughter-in-law) a ni a, ei hril tum chu ei mo (daughter-in-law) a nih. Mo chu mo, nuhmei a nih; a pasal chu mopa ni loin moneitu a nih. Pastor tam takin an inneitir ding nunghak le tlangval inneitir loin nunghak nu le pa (monu & mopa) an inneitir hlak. Chun, pastor tieng nghaa, “Pastor pa, ei pastor nu leh hin chu in lo inhmĕ khop el” ei hang ti nawk pei lem hin chuh, khaw nghatna ding a vâng! Ei trong suosamtu chuh eini ngei ei nih ti inngaituo nachang hre inla chuh, ei zie-um deuh ka ring.
Sentence bula pronoun ei zep hin thumal indot thlapa umzie fie tak suok dinga rem khawm sin a khak buoi nuom. Sienkhom ei lo ching zongsak tah leiin hriet naw kârin, “ka” zep hmasain, ‘Thu ka hril ding chuh’ ti loin ‘Ka thu hril ding chuh’; ‘Hla ka sak ding chuh’ ti loin ‘Ka hla sak ding chuh’; ‘Hming ka phuok ding chuh’ ti loin ‘Ka hming phuok ding chuh’;’Sikul ka kaina ding chuh’ ti loin ‘Ka sikul kaina ding chu’ tiin ei hril hlak. Nangma thu (ka thu) hril ding ni loin Pathien thu hril dinga pulpita ngir i nih. Hieng ang thumal rem indik lo hi thu ei ziek le hrila hai (ei thu ziek le hrila hai ni loin) an inther fek fuk el a nih. Thu le hla ka lo ziek tah haia khom a tam leiin, lekhabua insuo dinga tulai hnaia editing kan thaw changa kan buoipui pakhat a nih. A chang lem chun hang rem thratnaah a sentence thriek dar vong a ngai bakah a thren lem chu thlak topa ziek thrat a ngai.
Hi po hi Grammar-2 khulang khangna chu ni sien. Grammar-1 a khan Trong Hmang Dik inchukna dinga 2015-a ka buotsai Lesson-10na hmangin ‘IN’ tiin Hmar tronga rong a thlak dan inchuom phuorin ei hung tar lang a. Tuta trum ruok hin chuh Lesson-9na, thumal lamnonin Hmar tronga hmun a hluo dan hang thlir tlang ei tih:
QUOTE
Lesson Parietnaa khan Hmar Trong rurel hriet a poimawzie le thumal ziek kop le kop naw thuah Golden Rule 1 & 2 zui a trulzie thu ei hril a. Chu Golden Rule No. 1 chu zuiin, kha hmaa thumal lamnon, entirnan, po po, bèk bêk, èm êm le a dang dang ka lo ziek kop hlak kha tu hin chu ka ziek kop ta nawh. A san chu hieng thumal hrang hrang ei lamnonhai hi nina hrang hrang nei an ni lei a nih. Chu indanglamna chu ei trong rurel le fe dan ei sui chieng pha leh ei hmu thei chauh a nih. Chuonghai chu a tawi thei ang takin a hnuoia hin ei tar lang ding a nih.
Demonstrative Pronoun
Hieng a hnuoia thu mal lamnonhai hi Singular le Plural form-a ei hmang pha leh Singular form-a chu chu, kha kha, khi khi, khu khu, hi hi, saw saw tia ei lamnon hai kha Plural form chun chuong chun, khâng kha, khieng khi, khuong khu, hieng hi, sawng saw ti a hung ni tah leiin, Singular form-ah lo ziek kop inla khom Plural form-a ei ziek pha ziek kop a remchang ta naw leiin ziek kop lo vong a thra.
Chun, hieng thu malhai bok hi tuortu (Object) le thilthawtu (subject) a ei hmang pha chun Object-a chu chu, hi hi, kha kha, khi khi, khu khu, saw saw, tihai hi Subject-a ei hmang pha leh chu chun, hi hin, kha khan, khi khin, khu khun, saw son ti a hung ni nawk daih a nih. Chuleiin, tuortu kha thilthawtu ngirhmuna an um pha thumal pangngaia lamnon thei a ni tak naw leiin le a thumal tin khan kawk hrang an nei leiin ziek kop lo ding a nih. Thumal hmasahai hi pronoun pangngai, a nuhnunghai hi demonstrative pronoun an ni vong. Ei ziek kop chun mizie hrang an nina a sukbo. Hi thu hi chieng lemin ‘HI’ ti thupuia hmangin a hnuoia hin a hranin la thlir ei tih.
Adverb of degree (Intensifier)
Adverb chu thilthaw (verb) hrilfietu a nih. “Lala a fe hrăt, Lali a fe muong” ei ti chun ‘hrât’le ‘muong’ hi thilthaw um dan hrilfietu, adverb of manner an nih. Amiruokchu, “Lala a fe hrăt ĕm êm, Lali a fe muong bĕk bêk” ka ti chun a fe hrat le muong thu hrilna ‘ĕm êm’ le ‘bĕk bêk’ hi adverb of degree a ni ta thung a nih. Sienkhom, thumal pangngai lamnon loin, “Lala a fe hrăt taluo” ka ti thei a, chu chu thumal khat, thu uorna a ni leiin a hranga ‘ta luo’ tia ka ziek chun umzie pai naw nih.
Chun, ‘Thanga ka hmu naw hrim hrim/rêng rĕng” ei ti chun hrim hrim le reng rengin an uor chu a hmaa ‘naw’ ti hi a nih. Hi taka hin, lamnon loin “Thanga ka hmu naw hrim/reng a nih” lo ti lang chu a kawk a dang daih. “Par mawi tak tak an hung chawi, In lien deu deu ka hmuh” ti nekin “Par an hung chawi chu a mawi kher el, In ka hmu chu lien deu a nih” ka ti thei bok a. A hmasa hi thumal pangngai lamnona thu uor taka hrilna a ni a, a nuhnung ruok hi chu thumal pakhat chauh lama thu uorna a nih. Hienghai hi adjectival verb an ni vong a, sienkhom thu uorna dinga thumal lamnon hi double adverb ti a ni a, tu laia a kona hminga hmang tlanglawn lem ruok chu Intensifier ti a ni a, indik lem hman a tih. Hieng vàng váng, veng veng, rau rau, chen chen, tho tho, zeu zeu le a dang dang hai hi double adverb an ni a, thilthaw an zui. Amiruokchu, thilthawna hmun le hun hril fiena (adverb of place/time) a ei hmang pha ruok chu double adverb kha thilthaw hmaah ei sie thung a nih. Entirnan, Khu chen chen chu ka fe pei nawh.
Lamnon: Plural siemna hmangruo
Dannaranin, plural siemna dinga thumal ei hriet inlâr tak chu ‘hai’ ti hi a nih. A hmang nawna hmun dinga chen khom ei hmang inrim hle. BSI sut Baibul hi entirna fie tak a ni ka ring. Ei trong kalhmang ei hang bi chieng ruok chun plural siemna hmangruo ei lo hau êm êm a, chuong laia ei hmang tlanglawn chu thumal pahni lamnon a nih. Thumal hrang hrang hi noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, phrase leh clause chen khom siemna dingin ei lamnon rop hlak a. Hieng thumal ei lamnon hin a hmaa thumal um, ei lamnona thu inphum kha plural-in a siem hlak a nih. Thumal lamnon hi double adverb-a ei hmang nek hmanin plural siemna dingin ei hmang rawn lem khom a hoi. Chuonghai chu ziek kop ding an ni nawh. A hnuoia hin chu chu hang thlir vak ei tih.
Noun lamnon:
Noun lamnona plural ei siem dan hang bi inla. “Khaw lai hmun am i fang a?” ka ti chun hmun pakhat bik ka’n donna a nih. “Khaw lai hmun hmun am i fang a?” ka ti ruok chun hmun pakhat neka tam a sir leiin chuonghai chu ka’n don a nih. Chuong anga noun lamnona plural ei siem dan chuh entirna iemani zat hang pe inla:
Tu nau nau amanih ka don khawm.
Mi dang dang nau ka don.
Tu hming hming am a na i sam kawi hi?
Ieng trong trong am i thiem a?
Tu zakuo kuo am i sawp a?
Tu pâr păr am a na i hung lo khawm hi?
Ieng puon puon am i haw khawm a na?
Tu lo lo am bu a thra a?
Tu khuo khuo am i sir ta a?
Tu mobile bile am i hmang haw lie?
Hi taka hin lam rik hni nei ‘zakuo’ tia a zuitua hin ‘za’ banin ‘kuo’ chauh hmang a ni a, chu chu lam khat neka tam a ni pha (zakuo, mobile) ei trong a lam inhoi zawnga thumal ei kei tawi dan a nih. Hieng ang bok hin Saptronga thumal ei hmang pha khomin ei thaw hlak:
Tu telefawn fawn am an hung siem ta a?
Ieng pensil sil am i’n chawk a?
Ieng ofis fis am i sir ding?
Ieng elekson son am vote i thlak tah?
Ieng promawson son am a hmu tah?
Tu Minister ter am an hung?
Pronoun lamnon
Pronoun lamnon hi plural siemna dingin ei hmang bok. “Tu tu am inhlawfaa i ruoi ding?” ka ti chun mi pakhat neka tam a ruoi ding thu a kawk a. “Tu am inhlawfaa i ruoi ding?” ka ti ruok chun mi pakhat chauh a kawk. “Ieng ieng am a na i buoipui?” ka ti chun ‘ieng ieng’ti hi plural a na, thil pakhat neka tam a ngaituo tina a nih. Hi taka ‘tu’ le ‘ieng’ ei lamnon hi Saptrong chun indefinite pronoun an tih.
Uorna Adjective le hmang kop
Uorna hi adverb le chauh ni loin adjective leh khom hmang thei a nih. “Zakuo thra deu ka nei” tia ‘deu’ hin adjective ‘thra’ hi a uor a. Zakuo thra deu deu ka nei” tia uorna ‘deu deu’ ei hmang non ruok hin chu zakuo thratzie hril ta loin zakuo pakhat neka tam a nei thu a kawk daih thung a nih.
Tirna/infuinaa Verb lamnon
Thil thaw ding mi ei hril amani le ei infui chang hin verb ei lamnon rop hlak a, chu chun thilthaw kha voi khat neka tam thaw a nih ti an entir a, thilthaw chu plural-ah a siem a nih. Chun, plural a siem el khelah intirna, infuina le inzilna thu khom a fûn sa bok. Chu chu eini trong sungkuo dangdaina a ni a, ieng hming hnuoi am ei sie ding ti ngaituo tham a nih.
Fè fé naw rawh.
Thaw thaw ngai naw rawh.
Khêl hril hril naw rawh.
I hmûr liek liek naw rawh.
Ko ko la, hung el a tih.
Tiem tiem la, hung thiem el i tih.
Adverb lamnon
Hieng, “Văn a’n rŭm dur dur, Ar a’n chiek lom lom, Thanga a voi dut dut” ei ti chun adverb ei lamnon hin verb thilthaw chu voi khat neka tam thaw a ni thu ei hril a nih. Lamnon loin voi khat chauh lam inla chuh, thilthaw kha voi khat chauh thaw a ni thu a hril thung a nih. Hieng ei lamnonhai hi adjectival verb an nih.
Subject le Verb lamnon
Subject le verb lamnon hi trongkam chi khat, adverb ‘el’ ti belin, mi thilthaw rop ei nghok kha ei soisel hlak a. “Nang hi i in i in el a, Ka zakuo i lo hâk i lo hâk el a, Hi mipa hi a suok a suok el a, Mi poisa i bat i bat el a, Inkhawm i’n hnu i’n hnu el a” ei ti chun thilthaw kha voi khat neka tam thaw a ni thu ei hril bakah kha thilthaw kha ei dit naw thu hrilin ei soisel sa bok a nih.
Noun Clause-a Verb lamnon
Verb ni si, sienkhom noun sin thaw si, plural siemna dinga ei lamnon hlak tam tak a um a. “Kan hmu hmu kan inchik” ei ti chun, “Kan hmu hmu” ti hi noun clause a ni a, noun sin a thaw a, noun hmangna hlak transitive verb ‘inchik’ tuortu (object) a hmang a nih. Iem a na kan inchik chu? Kan hmu hmu. Hi taka hin “kan hmu hmu” ti hi noun anga hmang a ni a, ‘kan’ hi subject a ni a, ‘hmu hmu’ ti hi predicate (verb) a nih. Hieng, “I dit dit la rawh, I nuom nuom thaw rawh, A um umin bu fa ro, A hung hung lo chibai ro” tia verb ei lamnon po po hi plural siemnaa ei hmang hlak a nih.
Adjective Clause-a Verb lamnon
“Zakuo thra kan ti ti kan inchawk” ei ti chun, Ieng zakuo am in inchawk? ti zawna donna chu ‘Thra kan ti ti” ti a ni a. “Thra kan ti ti” ti hin noun zakuo a hril fie leiin adjective sin a thaw a nih. Hi taka ‘kan’ hi subject a ni a, ‘thra ti ti” ti hi predicate (verb) a ni a, chuleiin adjective clause a ni a, ei lamnon hin plural a siem a nih. Hieng, “Pastor kan ring ring kan tir, Sa inhnik kan ti ti kan fak, Ka thuomhnaw thraa ka hriet hriet le nal ka ti ti ka chawi” tihai khom hi an ni vong. Amiruokchu, “Titi a sep” (noun) amanih, “A titi” (verb) ka ti ruok chun a kawk a danglam daih a nih. Hi taka hin thumal ziek kop le kop naw hi a sinthaw le hmangna zir a nizie a’n lang.
Adverb Clause-a Verb lamnon
“A nuom nuomin ami soisak” ei ti chun “ami soisak” ti hi principal clause a na, ‘a nuom nuomin” ti hin principal clause-a verb ‘soisak’ ti kha a hril fie leiin adverb clause a ni a, ‘nuom nuom’ ti lamnon hin soisak dan chi hrang hrang a umzie a tar lang a, chuleiin adverb clause-a verb kha plural-ah a siem a nih. “A ngâi ngăiin lo ngai raw se, A cháng chàng lo chang raw se, A nî nǐ lo ni raw se, A thâw thăwin lo thaw raw se” tihai khom hi an ni vong. Hi taka hin plural siemna el chauh khom ni loin, a thilthaw chu a ieng ieng khom ni sien ei uksak naw thu amani le ei ngaizam thu ei hril sa bok a nih. Amiruokchu ‘a ngai ngai’ ti hih ei ziek zom a, “A ngaingaiin lo sie ro” ei ti chun a ‘pangngai, a um dan ang char’ ti a kawk leiin plural sin amanih adverb clause ni ta loin adjective sin a thaw tah lem a nih. Thu ei hril amanih ziek changin, noun hi verb, verb hi noun, chuong ang peiin thumal dang khom ei hmang inthlak chang a um hrim a nih.
Adverb Clause-a Subject le Verb lamnon
“I tiem i tiem chun thiem el i tih, A thaw a thaw chun hlawtling a tih, I dawn i dawn chun inrui i tih, I fâk i fâk chun thawhla’ng i tih” tia thilthaw (verb) le thilthawtu (subject) ei lamnon hin verb chauh ni loin, verb le subject inkop kha plural-in ei siem a, adverb clause a hung nih.
Principal Clause-a Subject le Verb lamnon
Subject le Verb lamnona plural siem hi principal clause-a khom ei thaw hlak. Entirnan, “A hriet naw naw a mi’n don a mi’n don el” ei ti chun ‘a mi’n don a mi’n don’ ti hi principal clause a nih. “A hriet naw naw” ti hin ieng am a’n don ti a hril bok. Verb-a ‘indon, don’tuortu a ni leiin noun clause a nih.
HI-HIN
A chunga mi le inzom si, amiruokchu lamnon el thil khom ni ta loa ei hmang dan zira thumal inthlak danglam hang thlir ei tih. Chu dinga besana ei hmang ding chu pronoun ‘Hi’ ti hih a nih. Chu taka danglamna siemtu tak, Object (tuortu) kha Subject-a (Thilthawtua) inchangtirtu chu hawrop ‘n’ amanih ‘in’, thu hnungbeta ei hmang hlak, trong ziekna dinga a kila lung trangkai pakhat chu a nih. Hang thlir ei tih.
Demonstrative pronoun
‘Hi’ amanih, lamnona ‘hi hi’ amanih, a hmang dan dungzuia ‘hi hin’ amani hai hin hming aiawtu (pronoun) kawkhmutu sin an thaw leiin Saptrong chun demonstrative pronoun a nih. ‘Hi hi hung chawi rawh’ (singular), ei ti chun ‘hi’ hmasa hi pronoun a na, ‘hi’ nuhnung hi kawkhmutu (demonstrative pronoun) chu a na, tuortu (object) ah ei hmang bok a nih. ‘Hi’ ti hi plural a ni ding pha ruok chu ‘hi’ a khan ‘eng’ ei bel a, ‘hieng’ ti a hung ni a. Entirnan, ‘Hieng hi hung chawi rawh’ (plural). Amiruokchu, thilthawtu (subject) anga ei hmang pha ruok chu ‘hi’ a khan ‘eng’ ni ta loin ‘n’ chauh ei bel a, ‘hi hin” ti a hung ni ta lem daih bok. Entirnan, Hi hin cheng sawmthum thawlawmah a pek. Chun, hmun threnkhata chu plural ‘hieng’ a khan plural siemna thumal pakhat ‘hai’ belsain ‘hienghai hin’ ei ti bok: Hienghai hin lawmman an lak.
Demonstrative adjective
Amiruokchu, ‘hi hi’ ti inkarah thil hming (noun) ei zep pha leh hming hrilfietu a hung ni tah leiin demonstrative pronoun ni loin demonstrative adjective a hung ni nawk daih a nih. Chu umzie chu, hming aiawtu kawkhmutu ni ta loin hming hrilfietu (adjective) kawkhmutu a hung ni ta thung tina a nih. Entirnan, Hi pa hi mi thra a nih, Hieng misuolhai hin mi an rok. Chuong chu a ni lai zingin, a hmangna zirin ‘hieng’ ti hi plural a ni chuong kher nawh ti hriet a thra. Entirnan, Hieng ang mi var hi pawl ding a nih (singular).
Tuortu (object) le Thilthawtu (subject)
Demonstrative pronoun chi hrang hrang hai hi tuortu (object) le thilthawtua (subject) ei hmang phaa an inthlak danglam dan tlangpui chu hieng ang hin a nih:
Tuortu (Object) | Thilthawtu (Subject) |
chu chu | chu chun |
chuong chu | chuonghai chun |
hi hi | hi hin |
hieng hi | hienghai hin |
kha kha | kha khan |
khâng kha | khâng khan |
khi khi | khi khin |
khieng khi | khienghai khin |
khu khu | khu khun |
khuong khu | khuonghai khun |
saw saw | saw son |
sawng saw | sawnghai son |
UNQUOTE
Tlangkawmna
Pherzawl High School-a kan kai lai, inlirthei saikal takngiel khom a taka a hmel kan hmu hma khan kum 2008-a muol lo liem tah ka ruolpa Lalthanzau Pudaite leh khan Hmar trong indik taka ziek suok ding chun alphabet ei hmang lai hi siem phuisui a trulzie thu kan ngaituona kiin a hawl phak ve chinah kan hril tlang hlak a. Kum 1956 December-a Matric ekzamna ding Form kan fill-up laiin, ka hming Lalthlamuong ringot ka ziek chun hnam dang Vaihaiin lam harsa an ti bakah inchik harsa an ti ding a ni leiin kan chihnam siper hming bel sa chuh thil thra ni dinga ngaina ka lungrilah a hung inlang a. Chu khom chu a ri indik taka lam ding chun ‘Keivawm’ ti ni loin ‘Keivom’ tia ziek trulin ka hriet bok a, chuong ang chun hmingin ka hung put song tah a nih. Khawvel hmun hrang hranga kan zinnaah ka hming lam suol mi ka la tong nawh. ‘Keivawm’ tiin lo ziek palh lang chu ‘aw’ hi thluk seia lamin ‘Keiva-um’ tiin lam vong an ta, nuizatburah ka hming inchangtir an tih.
Ruolpa Thanzau le kan hril hlak dang chu ‘ie’ le ‘uo’ hi lam a harsa leiin a aiaw ding hawrop dang siem a thrat kan ring thu a nih. Latin trong peng panga laia pakhat, Spanish trong hi IFS-a ka Compulsory Language dinga an ruot a ni leiin Diploma (12th Grade) chen ka zo ve a. Thanzau le mang anga kan lo hril hlak khah Latin trong ziekna Roman Script-ah diacritic sign hmangin an lo nei vong chu tie! Ei inhŭkpui, misawnarihai dawi bur ‘ṭ’ ruok hi chuh invetchil pawl um inla khom, Lusei trong ziekna dinga an lo hmangpui bak chuh ei khawvel puo tieng khaw lai khom ‘tr/thr’ an hmang lem vong.
Khawvel hmun hrang hranga cheng, mani trong le hawrop neihaiin fie lem le olsam lema an trong sukhmasawnna dinga thrang an lak dan ei sui chun inchûk ding a tam em em. Lal hrat tak neihaiin thawluina chen hmanga ram le hnam siemna le suikhawmna hmangruoa an lo hmang hlak a nih. Eini khomin siemphuisuina kongah inthiel ding tam tak ei nei. Chu ruol chun dodalna khom ei hmasuon naw thei nawh. A poimaw tak chu ei nina inhriet chieng a nih. Trong hi mihriem hmasawn dan zuia inthrang pei a ni leiin, a hmangtuhai dung neka insangin a’n thrang thei nawh. Arbawm ta dan teknawlawzi chen hrilna dingin trongkam ei tlasam nawh. Sizo teknawlawzi hril ding lem chun trongkam nei burip pawl taka inngai ei nih. A khel tieng iem?
(April 2, 2019; Delhi)
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