even as logic is the grammar of reason.
- Richard C. Trench
Delhi, March 25, 2019 Thawtran. Ka zing tho, thingpui inlum le dawn malama newspaper pathum-Times of India, The Hindu & Indian Express - ka tiem phuor zo le ka computer-a ka mail le hmar sak rama thil tlung inziekna website iemani zat ka bi thuok thuok hnungin VIRTHLI Facebook-ah ka chuong lut a. Jami Darngawn thusep ‘IN AIHAL’ ti le ka thusep ‘INHAWMTHAW’ tihai chuh indot rielin a lo um a. Hmar trong ziek sukharsatu a pikhawi laia pakhat, siem phuisui dan kong a um am ti hun sawt taka inthoka ka lo buoipui le ensin hlak chuh a chunga thupuia hmang intranna ‘IN’ ti ziek kop le kop lo hi a ni leiin ka mit a lak a. Hi thil hin kansar angin Hmar trongah bu a khuor tlat a. Chu chu Hmar trong hmangtu tam takin hre loin ei pal zut a, ei sop ziel hrep a nih ti hre ruok chu ei tam naw el thei. Hla phuoktu ropui Upa Ngama trongkam hawin, ‘a chu a nih ka hril nuom le inhril tlak’ chuh.
“IN” ti thumal hi Hmar trong ziek sukkhirtu laia pakhat, thu hmabet (prefix) le hnungbet (suffix) a ei hmang inrim hlak chu a nih. Hi ‘IN’ hi chengna in (house/home) ni loin thumal tam tak siemna dinga faktawri poimaw le chutaka a khawl lipui chu a ni bakah thil tlung mek le la tlung ding hriltu ‘tense’ aiawa ngir thei a ni sa bok. Lusei trong le Hmar tronga hin ‘IN’ a intran, thilthaw hrilna verb thumal ringot khom sang chuong a um a; Lersi-in Liendohai unau a puisuo siel, thla kipa te nei an hril ang ela chi thra le hnienghnar a nih.
‘Inhawmthaw’ ti ang bokin ‘Inaihal’ ti hi ziek zom ding a nih. Ziek zom a ni naw chun thumal dang ‘Inhal’ a hung suok a, a umzie thuhmun ang, inngei lo, inmil lo, intai, intheida, hang dawn/fak pola tûra inchanga taksa sukkhawlo thei tina ni tho sien khom, trong mal hung suok dan trobul suina etymology/semantics tienga sui ruok chun ‘ai’ (crab) hi faksuol a olsam leia thil inhal hrilna trongkama pi le puhaiin ‘inaihal’ an lo hmang a ni ring a um a, ‘ai’ băn chun tuoltro trongkam zierang a putna, cultural nuance kha a bo thei ding a nih. Chu chu veng a trul bok leiin ziek inzom chu a damdawi tak le grammar kalhmang khom a ni ring a um.
Delhi tlanga khawsa HCFD, DHWA le HSA Jt. Headquarters chun kum 2015 thupuia hmang dingin TRONG HMANG DIK ti an thlang a. Chutaka besana hmang ding Lesson 20 ka ziek chu kar tin deuthaw DELHI THURAWN-ah insuo a ni a. Trangkaipui hle dinga kan inring laiin, a hung sawt deu deu a, kum tawp tieng kan hnai khan chuh, chawibiekna thruoituhai trongkam hmang kha a hung inpher nawk tah nuoi el a. Eini rawi hi mani trong a tak taka invoi le thiem tumna lungril put ei lo văngzie hriltuah ei ngai chun, beidongum tak a nih. Vangneithlak takin, kan invoi tak Sunday School tienga kai naupanghaiin nasa takin hma an sawn a. Anni puola prokram an nei chang hin, puitling tieng nekin an Hmar trong hmang a fuk tah lem. A iengkhom chu ni sien, Lesson 20 ka ziek laia 10-na chu ei thu buon leh an inmat leiin a hnuoia hin trong humhal tienga inhnikhai bek lo tiem dingin ka hung thur suok nawk a nih.
QUOTE:
Trong Hmang Dik (Lesson 10)
Tuta trum chu Hmar tronga thumal hrang siemna dinga faktawri poimaw thuhmabet (prefix) le thuhnungbet (Suffix) a thrang, kongkhata chu Hmar trong ziek sukharsatu le Grammar dan sukchingpentu ni bok ‘IN’ ti hih ei inbilchilpui ding a nih. Chu le inruol chun, iengtin am hi harsatna hi ei inthiel ding a na ti khom ei ngaituo sa bok nuom a um.
Thumal hmaah ‘in’ belin thu mal dang tam tak ei siem a. Saptronga khom hmakhala ‘in’ hmanga incapable, inaccurate, inactive le a dang dang an siem ang hi a nih. Ei trong le Saptrong inang nawna ruok chu, eini chun ‘in’ chauh hmakhalah ei hmang laiin anni chun ‘im, il, ir le un’ tihai hi hmangin thu mal an siem a, chuleiin impossible, immovable, illegal, irregular, unacceptable ti hai le a dang dang an hung ser a nih.
Thu mal siemtu faktawri
‘In’ hmakhala hmanga thumal ei siem threnkhathai chu inang, inawi, inba, inbâi, inbăn, inban, inbarh, inbât, inbauh, inbău khat, inbaw, inbawk, inbawl (rong inbawl), inbawr, inbeng, inbengbel, inbengberep, inbei, inbel, inbèm inben, inbi (ruk,hmang) inbiek, inbiekruk, inbiel, inbingbilet, inbol inbom, inbor, inbu, inbûk, inbuk, inbul, inbûm, inbun, inbuo, inbuok, inbuol, inbuon, inbuot, inbuotsai, inbûr, inbur, inchang, inchai, inchâk, inchal delh, incham, inchàn, inchapchar, inchat, inchawi, inchawm, inchawn, inchei, inchêk, inchek, inchel, inchemhar lak, inchèn, inchen, inchêp, incher, inching, inchik, inchîl, incho, inchok, inchong, inchom, inchor, inchot, inchu, inchûk, inchuk, inchûl, inchum, indang, indaih, indam, indan, indap, indar, indawha, indawi, indawk, indawm, indawn, indawp, indawr, indawt, indeng, indel, indem, indên, indêp, indep, inder, indêt, indêusaw, indi, inding, indik, indîl, indin, indîp, indîr, indit, indo indoi, indok, indol, indom, indon, indot, indu, induong, indur, inel, inen, inep, iner, infân, infar, infawk, infawn, infawp, infie, infiel, infiem, infin, infui, infûk, infun, infuol, inhai, inhâk, inhak, inhal, inhap, inhawi, inhawk, inhawmthaw, inhawr khawm, inhoithaw, inhêk, inhèl, inhêm, inhen, inher, inhlan, inhlap, inhlaw, inhlawfa, inhlem, inhliem, inhîk, inhîp, inhlîp, inhlip, inhlu suok, inhlut tuo, inhma, inhmang, inhmangai, inhmai, inhmai tuo, inhmaton, inhmakhal, inhme, inhmei, inhmelhriet, inhmelmak, inhmu thiem/thiem lo, inhnai, inhnâk, inhnar, inhnâr, inhnawchep, inhnawk, inhnawm, inhnem, inhnît, inhnok, inhnon, inhnot, inhnu, inhoi/ti, inhoi thaw, inhok, inhong, inhra-kei, inhram, inhran (inhrang), inhraw, inhrawk, inhrawl, inhrawm, inhrawt, inhre (suok,thiem) inhrêng, inhrêk, inhrem, inhrên, inhrêu, inhriel, inhriem, inhriet, inhriettir, inhril, inhro, inhrol, inhrom, inhron, inhrosa, inhru/hruk, inhruoi, inhruol, inhûi, inhûk, inhul, inhumru, inhuoi, inhuol, inhuom, inhuon, inhuor, inhuot, inhup, inhuphur, in-iel, in-iem, inîp, in-ir, inkal, inkam, inkan, inkâp, inkap zût, inkâr, inkarthlak, inkar thel, inkau, inkawng, inkawi, inkawkal, inkawn, inkei, inken, inkêp, inkeu, inkhang, inkhai, inkhak, inkhal, inkhâm, inkhawm, inkhang, inkhan/lo, inkhâp, inkhap, inkhar, inkhât, inkhè, inkhêng, inkhel, inkher, inkhi, inkhing, inkhul, inkhuongruol, inkhuokhir, inkhuol tehlem, inkhum, inkhup, inkhur, inko, inkon, inkop, inkot, inkuo, inkuoi, inkuol, inkul, inkûm, inkungkei, inkur inkuk, inla bing, inla hlei, inla lawn, inlai, inlak hran, inlak lien, inlak vung, inlal, inlang, inlam, inlap, inlâr, inlau, inlaw, inlawng, inlawm, inlawn, inlawt, inle, inlekhal/thal, inlek,inlekkaw, inlet, inlemchang, inlepse, inling, inli, inlik, inlir, inlung, inluk, inlukhup, inlu lak, inluling, inlusu, inmai, inmâk, inman, inmel, inmil, inmit, inmuolvom, inmu le ar, innang, innang ching, innawt, innei, innêl, innêp, inngai, inngai bel, inngai hlu, inngai hnuoi, inngaina, inngai sang, inngai sie, inngai tlawm, inngaituo, inngai sie, inngak, inngam, inngansie, inngawk, innghak, inngei, inngêk, innghirngho, inngur, inno, innong, innok, innon, innor, innot, innui, innufa, innupa, inpafa, inpak, inpawngnek, inpawl, inpol, inpei, inpe, inpêk, inpengtuo inpenparh, inper, inpêr, inpersan, inpet, inphà, inpha hman, inphahnuoi, inphai, inphal, inphalse, inphan, inphàn, inphâr, inphat, inphaw, inphi, inphier, inphiel, inphil, inphin, inphir, inphit, inphît, inphon, inpom, inpom chilh, inphû, inphûm, inphun, inphur, inphut, inping, inpom, inpot, inpuk, inpuktir, inpum, inpumbil, inpumkhat, inpumpek, inpun, inpung, inpur, inputu, inrang, inrak, inrâk, inràl, inral en, inram, inrapthliek, inràu, inrawi, inrawp, inrawn, inrawt, inrel, inrem, inren, inrep, inret, inrêu, inri, inriem (khum), inrieng, inrieu, inring, inrik, inrikrap, inril, inrim, inrip, inro, inrok, inrol, inrom, inrop, inru, inrui, inruk, inrul, inrûm, inrum, inrûn, inruolcham/rem, inruohmang, inruom, inruot, inrût, insâng, insangbung, insang mar, insai, insai sa, insap, insa seng, insât, insawi, insawi zoi, insawk, insawp, insiek, insiem, insiem siet, insiem danglam, insieng, insier, insiet, insik, insil, insim, insingsa, insîr, insit,, inso, insok, insom, inson, insop, insor, insu, insui, insuk, insulpel, insûm, insut, intai, intâng, intak, intâl, intal, intâm, intan, intar, intat ngei, intekem, intel, intem, inten, intêp, inter, intet, inthang, inthak, inthal, intham, inthap, inthar, inthat, inthaw, inthawi, inthawl, inthawp, inthawt, inthè, intheida, inthel, inthem, inthemthiem, inthên, inthêp, inther, inthi, inthiel, inthiem, inthien, inthieng, inthier fihlim, inthîk, inthin, inthim, inthin, inthîp, inthir, inthla, inthlada, inthla dul, inthla fal, inthlahrung, inthlang, inthlak, inthlan, inthlau, inthlawp, inthli, inthlim, inthlit, inthlo, inthlong, inthlop, inthlor, inthlung, inthluong (inthluon), inthlut, inthrathren, inthrang, inthrâl, inthrâm, inthrâp, inthre, inthrì, inthril, inthrîn, inthro (thral inthro), inthrok, inthrul, inthrum, inthrung, inthruoi, inthruom, inthruong, inthuok, inthuom, inti, intiltip, intîm, intin (tuo), intir, intit, intivei, intlong, intlok, intlon, intlung, intluk, intlun, intlur, intodel, intong, intoi, intok, intol, intom, intu, intui, intuithlar, intung, intuk, intuklut, intul, intum, intûn, intuo, intuoi, intuok, intuol vuok, intuom, intuorpui, intûr, inturh, intra, intrai, intrâm, intran, intring, intron, intrum, innui, innuoi, inung, inuire, inuk, inul, inup, inur, inût, inunau, inuoi, inuok, invai, invak, inval, invâm, invap, invau, invè, invêng, inveng, invet, inving, invîn, invir, invit, invo, invong, invoi, invom (in tum suok), invot, invûng, invui, invul, invûm, invuong, invuok, invuol, invur, invut, inza, inzang, inzak, inzàl, inzal (zam-inzal) inzàm, inzâm, inzâp, inzap, inzâr, inzar buoi, inzat, inzawk, inzawl, inzawm, inzawn, inzawr, inzawt, inzei, inzel, inzem, inzen, inzêp, inzep, inzi, inzie, inziek, inziel, inziet, inzing, inzil, inzin, inzir, inzo, inzong, inzom, inzor, inzui, inzul, inzum, inzun, inzuom, inzuot, inzût le a dang dang hai an nih.
Hieng neka tam hman hi thu hmakhala causative verb siemtu ‘insuk’ amanih ‘inti’ ti le a dang dang hmangin verb ei siem a, chuong thumala chun ‘na’ belin thumal tin deuthawah noun le adjective ei siem thei bok. Entirnan verbs insukfel, insukvar, insukfai, insukthienghlim, insuklawm, insukhlim le a dang dang ei siem treuh thei bakah chuong thumala chun ‘na’ belin noun insukhlimna, insukthienghlimna, insukbuoina, insuksietna, insukporchena le a dang dang siem treuh thei a nih. Chuleiin, hmabeta ‘in’hmang le hnungbeta ‘na’ bel hi Hmar trong serna faktawri ropui tak a nih ti inla, khel ei hril ka ring nawh.
Grammar a sukchingpen dan
Hmar trong ziek sukharsatu, sukharsatu a ni ti khom ei hriet naw le ei la sui chieng ngai naw nia inlang chu hieng ‘in’ a intran thumalhai hi noun amani pronoun amani leh ei hmang kop pha a hmaa pronoun khan a zuitu thumala ‘in’ a ‘n’ chauh kha a va lak hlak a. Chu chu khaw lai am kop tang a ta? Ei hriet tah angin, pronoun, hming aiawa ei hmang chu a, an, i, in, ka, kan, ei, min a nih. A fe. Ei fe. I fe. In fe. An fe. Ka fe. Kan fe. Ei fe. Hi pronoun hai le a hnung zuitu thumal ‘in’- a intran ei hmang zom pha leh a lam inhoi zawngin hieng hin ei ti hlak:
A thilthaw chu a’n thiem (a+ inthiem) reng reng am?
In thilthaw chu in inthiem reng reng am?
I thilthaw chu i’n thiem (i+inthiem) reng reng am?
In thilthaw chu in inthiem reng reng am?
Ka thilthaw chu ka’n thiem (ka+inthiem) naw ngei.
Kan thilthaw chu kan inthiem naw ngei.
Ei thilthaw chu ei inthiem naw ngei.
Min (mi+in) an mi’n thiem naw hle.
Hi taka ‘an’ hmasa hi pronoun-a ‘an’ (they, theirs) pangngai ni loin singular third person a ‘a’ le a zuitu thumal intranna ‘in’ a mi kha ‘i’ bănin ‘n’ chauh a va lâk a, a+n, pronoun le verb insiemna thu bul inbel khawm a nih. A dota ‘in’ hi pronoun-a ‘in’ (yours) ni loin singular second person-a ‘i’ le a zuitu verb insiemna thu bul ‘in’ a mi ‘n’ chauh a va lak a nih. A pathumna, ‘kan’ ti khom hi pronoun-a ‘kan’ (we, ours) tina ni loin first person singular ‘ka’ in a hmaa zuitu verb siemna thu bul ‘in’ a inthoka ‘i’ bana ‘n’ chauh a va lak, ei lam kop a nih. Inchik tlak pakhat chu, plural form a ni pha leh harsatna ei hril hi a um nawh. Sentence 2, 4, 6 & 7 khin a hril fie. Zawna poimaw ei hmaa umhai chu:
(1) Hieng an, in, kan tihai hi a hmaa thumal leh ei ziek kop di’m, ziek kop lo ding? Ziek kop ding lo ni tah inla, iem a san?
(2) Thlûk sei ei pek di’m, an naw leh an inkarah apostrophe ei thlak lem ding? Tuta ei hmang dan chu a threnin thluk sei ei pek a, a threnin ieng khom pe loin a hranin an, in, kan tiin ei ziek top a. Hmar Baibul (Delhi Version) a chu hieng ang thil reng reng hi thluk sei pe loin, thu pahni lak kopa a lamtawi a ni leiin a karah apostrophe a’n, i’n, ka’n tiin kan sie a, a hran vonga ziek dingin kan sukthluk bok. Amiruokchu, editing zo tawm trêpa sukthluk a ni leiin a threnah hmang hman a na, siem thrat hman lo tam tak a la um bok.
(3) Hi hi Grammar ei siem pha leh a hmingah ieng am inbuk ei ta? Hi thu hi mani senga fimkhur taka ei bi le ngaituo seng theina dingin entirna iemani zat a hnuoia hin sie a nih. Hi taka hin a hmaa ei hril sa lo ‘an’ dang, a+ni a a tawpa ‘i’ bana siem dam, ‘lan’ ti, (la+in) dam, ‘min’ (mi+in) khom a thrang sa.
AN (A+IN):
I mi don ding a’n leiin (a+ni) ka hlim.
Ka sir a’n phet (a+inphet) ngai nawh.
Nangma a’nthok (a+inthok) ngei ni raw se.
KAN (KA+IN)
Hnam dang mi ka’n ngaizawngpui (ka +inngaizawngpui) el chu lungrilin ka’n thiem naw (ka+inthiem naw) a, ka’n zak (ka+inzak) a, ka’n thlahrung (ka+inthlahrung), chang suol k’an lau (ka+inlau) a, sienkhom k’an thla (ka+inthla) ngam si nawh.
IN (I+IN)
I hmel i’n hmutir (i+inhmutir) reng reng ding an (a+ni) nawh.
I’n zak (i+inzak) hlol naw a nel (ni+el) maw?
Hi hi i’n thawtir (i+inthawtir) chun i’n ditpui (i+inditpui) tina ning a tih.
Ei ramsuok ding chu i’n zo (i+inzo) ta?
LAN (LA+IN)
In la’n pei (la+inpei) naw zing a ni?
Kan la’n zo (la+inzo) fel naw a nih.
A la’n hma (la+inhma) taluo.
Ei l’an zo (la+inzo) hman naw a ni hih.
An la’n hman (la+inhman) hri naw a nih.
MIN (MI+IN)
I mawina mi’n hmutir (mi+inhmutir) rawh.
Hmelma’n (hmelma+in) an mi’n huol (mi+inhuol) khum.
Ka’n dikna (ka+indikna) phuin thiem mi’n chang (mi+inchang) rawh.
Mi’n (mi+in) an tia chu mi’n phatsan (mi+inphatsan) naw rawh.
UNQUOTE
Tlangkawmna
A thupuia ka hmang GRAMMAR ti hin a huop zau hle. Ieng tina am a ni a? ti khom hril hong hman loin, a hlek laia chikte, ‘IN’ poimawzie le a hmang dan khikhawkzie tlangpui chauh phorin ei pu chot a, a pang khing ei bi hman trawk a, a khing dang chu hun remchanga bi dingin ei maksan hri a. Sienkhom ei thil buon hi thu mei mei a ni nawzie, hnam thlukpui inthlungna hnar a nizie ei hriet pha chun lawmumah ngai hri inla.
Mistiri-in thing le lung le hmangruo hrang hrang thiem taka rem khawma in a bawl ang hin, thu amanih thil ei hril nuom le tum hrilna dingin thumal hrang hrang chu umzie neiin ei rem khawm a, ri amanih ziek hmangin ei hril suok a. Grammar ei ti hih konghmang neia thumal rem khawm dan hrilna a nih. Chu chu mi tinin ni tin ei thaw seng a, trong ei ser le hmanghai chu Grammar lipuiah an luong lut vong a, mithiemhaiin a hmang dan ding an lo threthrawp hlak a nih. Kum 2017 chena Oxford English Dictionary-a English thumal hmang lai (in use) an hlu lut 171,476), hmang loa thring tah 47, 156 (obsolete) le 9500 (derivatives) po po chu chi rieta thre darin an khum khawm vong a, chu chu PARTS OF SPEECH ti hming an inputtir a. Chuonghai chu Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions le Interjections an nih.
Saptrong le eini trong kalhmang inangna chinah English Grammar kalhmang zui thei a ni laiin, eini trong hi mal tin umzie nei, mono-syllabic language a ni a, English amanih Hindi chu mal hni-khat inkopa umzie nei chauh, polysyllabic language a ni bakah, sentence ei siem dan kalhmang hi a letling deuthaw a ni leiin, anni grammar besana eini grammar siem hi ngai sukthra pawl um inla khom thil thra changtlung tak chu ni kher naw nih. Eini grammar chu eini trong zierang ngei putin ei duong suok ding a nih. Chu ding chun inthlakthleng nuomna le ngamna lungril put a, mumal taka ei trong hmang dan le ziek dan siem phuisui pei a trul makmaw. Diksawnari changtlung siem ding lem chun a trul zuol. Chu rongbawlnaa inhmang nuom chu ei tam a ni khomin a thaw thei le thaw pei ruok chu hnam tin lai hin vangkhat tê an ni hlak.
Thumal ziek zom le zom naw thua ei buoina san pakhat nia ka hriet chuh Saptrong awphawi le inzula eini trong khom ziek ei tum hlak lei a nih. Chun, khawvel huopa trong ser le hmang dan thar hung suok peiin kalhmang (trend) thar a zui ni-a inlang chu, ka hmu danin, mono-syllabic-a inthoka polysyllabic form zuia insiem tung pei a nih. Zotrong hrang hrang khomin thumal zom khawma thumal thar sei lem siem ei hung ching deu deu pei a nih. Thumal thar hung pieng pei hi inlet le phuok inkop, ‘let-phuok’ a ni tlangpui. A thrat lai zingin fimkhur a ngai. Trongkam thar ei ser hrim hrimin ei trong zierang a put naw chun chi a thla pung thei nawh. English/Hindi, polysyllabic trongkam ei lak hrim hrim hi trong tillak (tilrè) le ching vong a ni leiin ei hawna hmuna chauh hmang thei a ni a, ei awphawia lamin ziek inla khom a danglam thei chuong nawh. A kakhawk thei chi hni um chu: (1) Ei lak lut trong le ei trong inchekpolin trong danglam, thingpui sena bawngnene pol ang, a siem; (2) Ei lak lut rawn talaw chun ei trong a chim hlum. Tuta Saptrong ei lak lut nasat tluka a luong lut pei chun, kum tam riel loin ei trong a chim hlum naw thei nawh. A ru no no suokna khawvela ‘Pi pe saihnok’ le ‘Baba Black Sheep’ inbuonna hi thil namei a ni nawh.
(March 27, 2019; Delhi)
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